Pathology Respiratory System

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What tumor-derived hormones are secreted in paraneoplastic syndrome associated with bronchogenic carcinoma?: Parathyroid-like polypeptide (hypercalcemia); ACTH-producing tumor (overstimulation of adrenals-->cushings syndrome); ADH-producing (water retention)
Sarcoidosis can affect any organ, but what does it affect especially, according to lecture (according to carranza⬦.blah blah blah): Especially Lungs, thoracic/neck lymph nodes, the skin, salivary glands, and lacrimal gland (dryness)
Which chronic lung disease is caused by inhalation of fumes, dust, or particulate matter (inorganic)?: Pneumoconioses
What is usually the etiology of URTI's (common cold)?: Viruses (ie rhinoviruses, coronavirus, RSV, parainfluenza, etc.
Moderate hypertension, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure are what ASA type?: III
Chronic Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is _______ ________, as opposed to acute which is mediated by antigen-antibody complexes.: Cell mediated
What disease is associated with amyloidosis and recurrent pneumonias?: Bronchiectasis
What is this process: Airless lung parenchyma due to incomplete expansion of lungs or collapse of previously infiltrated lung: Atelectasis
Bacterial URTI's are not as common as viral, but when present exhibit what characteristics?: PMN's and exudate formation; whitish yellow membranes in throat
T or F: a patient with latent TB is not infectious: TRUE
The type of emphysema caused by Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is called _________ emphysema.: Panacinar
Dyspnea, Cachexia, Barrel Chest, Cor Pulmonale, Congestive Heart Failure are clinical signs of what disease?: Emphysema
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Minimal Sputum: Emphysema
"Barrel Chest" is a result of what?: attempt to increase ventilation
Coccidiomycosis, Aspergillosis, or Zygomycosis: Deep fungal lung disease: All of them (that better not have tricked you)
Coccidiomycosis, Aspergillosis, or Zygomycosis: Especially in diabetics: Zygomycosis
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Severe Dyspnea: Emphysema (Puffer=dyspnea)
The _______ cavity is the space between viseral pleura and parietal pleura (separated by thin layer of fluid): Pleural
Cor pulmonale causes _________ heart failure due to __________.: Right-sided; Pulmonary hypertension caused by lung disease
T or F: Chronic Bronchitis at times is not easily distinguished from Emphysema.: True; sometimes they go hand in hand
What is the most significant congenital respiratory disease?: Tracheo-esophageal fistula
What are four examples of congenital respiratory diseases?: Tracheo-esophageal fistula, Bronchiogenic cysts, hypoplasia, vascular anomalies
What is the name of the disease caused by URTI's?: common cold
Who is most susceptible to deep fungal lung diseases?: Immunosuppressed, AIDS pts, uncontrolled diabetics, transplant pts, etc.
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Hypoxia, Cyanosis, polycythemia (increased rd blood cells): Bronchitis
What 3 types of atelectasis are there?: Deficiency of surfactant; External compression of lung; resorption of air in lung, distal to an obstruction
What is the most common complication of chronic bronchitis?: Bronchiectasis
In obstructive lung disease, Total lung capacity/forced vital capacity is _______ to ________.: Normal to Increased
Coccidiomycosis, Aspergillosis, or Zygomycosis: Often in a hospital setting: Aspergillosis
T or F: Tumors can be associated with bronchiectasis: TRUE
T or F: Asthma is a reversible airway obstruction.: TRUE
In obstructive lung disease, there is a _________ in expiratory flow rate.: Decrease
Cavitary lesions filled with pus.: Lung Abscess
T or F: Cystic fibrosis can be associated with bronchiectasis: TRUE
________ obstruction (in obstructive lung disease) is due to narrowing of airway (what disease) or loss of elastic recoil (what disease).: Expiratory; asthma; emphysema
What is the key element of the massive lung fibrosis that causes pneumoconioses?: Alveolar Macrophages
In restrictive lung disease, total lung capacity is __________.: decreased
T or F: A patient with Bronchiectasis presents with bronchi (and/or bronchioli) filled with mucopurulent material; this mucous can be cleared by coughing.: First statement true, second statement false
Restrictive lung disease is due primarily to either _________ abnormalities or __________ damage.: chest wall; parenchymal
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Weight loss: Emphysema (cachexia)
What two body systems does the ASA (MED) classification emphasize?: Cardiovascular and Respiratory
A particle that is less than ______ microns in size can enter alveoli, contributing to what disease?: 5; Pneumoconioses
What 2 components of the bronchial wall are primarily involved in asthma? (undergo hyperplasia): Mucous glands (goblet cells); Smooth muscle
T or F: Chronic inflammation is part of asthma.: TRUE
What Antibody is involved in extrinsic asthma?: IgE
T or F: Sarcoidosis can affect any organ, not just the lungs.: TRUE
What ASA classification would a patient with mild to moderate systemic disease that does not interfere with day-to-day activity?: ASA II
What are the 3 main Middle Respiratory tract infections?: 1. Croup; 2. Epiglottitis, 3. Bronchiolitis
What bronchodilators are used to treat asthma?: Beta2-agonists; theophyline
What clinical significance does multiple asthma medications have?: More medications means more severe asthma
Is Asthma a restrictive or obstructive lung disease?: Usually Obstructive
Is asthma considered acute or chronic?: Acute (although the underlying process is more chronic)
What disease is associated with low grade fever, malaise, fatigue, and clubbing of the fingers?: Bronchiectasis
What types of medications might patients with bronchitis or emphysema be on? List 5: Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, diuretics, alveolar surfactants, antibiotics
Greater than __ emergency room visits in the past year are a risk factor for treating a patient with asthma.: 3
3 general types of lesions of the pleura:: Inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic
Use of greater than __ beta-agonist canisters per month is a risk factor for asthma patients.: 2
T or F: current use of systemic corticosteroids is a risk factor for asthma pts.: TRUE
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Peribronchial fibrosis: Bronchitis
Sepsis, shock, trauma, pneumonia, toxic lung injury, aspiration of fluids, and blood transfusions can all cause what disease?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
What bacteria predominantly causes Lung abscess?: S. Aureus
Which MRTI is characterized by: acute viral illnes of larynx, especially affects ages 3-5 yrs., loud cough, barking seal (like chase in the mornings): Croup
What is the major asthma medication which can cause complications with long term use?: Corticosteroids
T or F: Anthracosis increases incidence of Tuberculosis.: TRUE
What four complications can long term use of corticosteroids have?: Osteoporosis, immunosuppression, addisonian crisis (secondary adrenal insufficiency), diabetes
What fungal disease do all our professors like to talk about since it is widespread in the midwest?: Histoplasmosis
Increased responsiveness of bronchial tree to various stimuli is ________.: asthma
If a dental patient with asthma has had no attacks for several years, they are what ASA/MED?: II
If a dental patient with asthma has occasional attacks managed by bronchodilators they are what ASA?: III
T or F: In Cor Pulmonale, The Right Ventricle hypertrophies due to congestion in the lungs.: TRUE
If a dental patient with asthma has many/severe attacks they are what ASA?: IV
What % of patients with sarcoidosis have elevated ACE (angiotensin Converting Enzyme)?: 60 % (another percentage baby)
T or F: Aspirin is involved in Intrinsic asthma.: TRUE
Mild hypertension, some forms of diabetes melitus are characteristic of what ASA type?: II
What medications should you avoid prescribing to asthma patients?: Beta blockers, aspirin, sulfites
T or F: Croup is extremely life-threatening.: FALSE
________ abscesses have a fibrous capsule: chronic
What are the three major chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis
T or F: Many times COPD is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, not just pinned down to one systemic problem.: TRUE
Why do patients with bronchiectasis have clubbing of the fingers?: It is related to chronic hypoxia.
T or F: All patients affected with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome die during the acute stage.: False. 70% die during this stage, but the remainder progress to a chronic stage, where 10% may survive, and 20% eventually die from interstitial fibrosis
T or F: COPD is a reversible condition: FALSE
T or F: Most histoplasmosis infections go on to become chronic.: False; most are acute and then resolve
Among patients with COPD in the US, the vast majority have __________ (14 million) and the remainder have __________ (2 million): Chronic Bronchitis; Emphysema
Name the 5 factors that are considered in susceptibility to Pneumoconioses.: 1. Size/shape of particle (<5 microns); 2. Composition of particles; 3. Duration of exposure; 4. Patients clearance mechanism; 5. Other irritants (ie smoking)
What is the only acute, restrictive lung disease?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome is caused by a mechanism of either 1. Injury to the _________ _______ in pulmonary capillaries or 2. Injury to the ________ _________ _______.: 1. Endothelial cells; 2. Alveolar lining cells
What disease: Enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchioles; destruction of alveolar walls; loss of elastic recoil; collapse of unsupported, enlarged air spaces on expiration; obstruction on expiration: Emphysema
Name the ASA class: Severe systemic disease that limits activity but not incapacitating: ASA III
T or F: Silicosis can lead to bronchogenic carcinoma.: TRUE
What is the characteristic difference of air sacs between healthy air sacs and air sacs with emphysema?: Emphysema: weakened and collapsed air sacs with Excess mucous
This disease was first widely recognized during the vietnam war (Da Nang Lung).: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
What are lung abscesses a complication of?: Staphylococcal pneumonia; aspiration of foreign material (swallowing a crown, poor dental hygiene, etc.)
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Pulmonary hypertension: Both
What is the major cause of emphysema?: Cigarettes
T or F: It is necessary to consult with a physician prior to treating a ASA II patient.: FALSE
In extremely rare cases (1%) what can cause emphysema?: hereditary alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (which protect the tissue from leukocyte proteases)
In the Protease-antiprotease mechanism of emphysema, what 2 things does smoking do?: 1. Inhibits antielastase; 2. favors recruitment of leukocytes and release of elastase (causing elastic damage to the tissue)
Which MRTI is characterized by: acute, severe, life-threatening disease, presents as a child w/ fever +/- sore throat, clinical triad of drooling, dysphagia, distress: Epiglottitis
Other than the protease-antiprotease mechanism, what else does smoking do to cause emphysema?: Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance (free radicals released, induce cell damage)
The type of emphysema caused by smokers is called _________ emphysema.: Centrilobular
Which type of bronchogenic carcinoma has the worst prognosis, most aggressive, and not usually amenable to surgery?: Small Cell (oat cell)
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Frequent Upper Respiratory infections: Bronchitis
Name the types of Pleural Lesions:: Mesothelioma, Pleural effusions and plueritis, Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, Chylothorax
What disease: Excessive production of tracheobronchial mucous causing cough.: Chronic Bronchitis
What 3 diseases included in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)?: Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis (just a reminder)
What disease: erodes bronchial wall, eric-smelling sputum, chest pain, weight loss, chronic cough, fever, clubbing of fingers and toes: Lung Abscess *note, bronchiectasis also has clubbing of toes--the difference here is eroding of bronchial wall. Bronchiectasis is permanent dilatation of bronchial wall.
N2O (increases/supresses) pH as a stimulus to respiration, because N2O has a high O2 content.: supresses
T or F: ASA III patients can withstand most dental procedures with appropriate modifications.: TRUE
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: Increased risk of TB: Anthracosis and Silicosis
_____ % of Chronic Bronchitis cases are caused by _________.: 90%; Smoking (I know we all love percentages)
What organism causes Epiglottitis?: Haemophilus Influenzae
T or F: N2O can diffuse into closed spaces: TRUE
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Acute disease: Neither (trick question!)
What are the risk factors for contracting histoplasmosis (other than living in this hell hole we call omaha⬦.j/k): exposure to soil contaminated with bird poo, preexisting COPD, compromised immunity
What disease: Thickening of bronchial walls, mucous gland hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, mucous plugging.: Chronic Bronchitis
The presence of transudate in the pleural space is called ________: hydrothorax; caused by CHF and Left-sided heart failure especially
T or F: Chronic Bronchitis results in Restriction.: False; leads to obstruction
What are the main differences in the pathways for chronic bronchitis and emphysema?: Bronchitis: bronchiolar injury, hypersecretion of mucous; emphysema: destruction of alveolar walls early (bronchitis does it later)
What ASA type is a patient with COPD and NO congestive heart failure?: ASA/MED III
What ASA type is a patient with COPD WITH congestive heart failure?: ASA/MED IV
Which acute disease exhibits severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and hypoxia?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
One of the main characteristics (underlined in the notes) of chronic Bronchitis is ________.: Fibrosis
What is ectasia?: dilatation or distension of hollow organs
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: Can lead to mesothelioma: Asbestosis (this is the #1 characteristic of asbestosis)
What disease: Permanent dilatation of bronchi, can be secondary to persisting infection or obstruction: Bronchiectasis
T or F: Asthma is more common in females.: FALSE (males 2:1)
What process takes place in pulmonary fibrosis or tuberculosis?: Cavitation
What is the first step in treatment for bronchitis and emphysema?: Quit smoking
________ occurs as a result of an exudate (protein rich): Pleuritis
The two chronic restrictive lung diseases caused by occupational/environmental exposure are: 1.____, 2._________: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis; Pneumoconioses (ie asbestosis)
In this disease, fibrin is deposited along damaged alveolar lining , which leads to diffuse alveolar damage.: What is Acute respiratory distress syndrome? (jeopardy style baby)
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: increases risk of cancer 5 fold: Asbestosis
Chronic Restrictive lung diseases are diseases of _________ ________.: Lung parenchyma
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: runs a benign course: Anthracosis
What term means: Labored Breathing: Dyspnea
T or F: Now epiglottitis is more prevalent in children than adults.: False. Other way around.
90% of all lung cancers are caused by smoking (150,000 deaths/yr). What are the other 10% caused by? (hint-variety of things): Radon (radioactive gas=2nd leading cause--.20,000 deaths/yr); Air pollution; Radiation exposure; Asbestos exposure; Nickel and chromate exposure
The end result of chronic restrictive lung diseases is _________.: Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: shows pleural plaques: Asbestosis
T or F: Chronic Bronchitis gives you the "pink puffer.": False; gives you "Blue Bloater" (B for Bronchitis, Blue Bloater)
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: Leads to Fibrosis: All Three
What causes pleural effusion?: Microbial infection, cancer, pulmonary infarction, viral pleuritis
Which chronic restrictive lung disease has no known cause?: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Histoplasmosis infection symptoms include: fever, chills, weight loss, cough (with/without) mucus or pus: WITH
In asbestosis, what sets off a fibrogenic reaction?: Macrophages ingesting an asbestos fiber
What immune cells are primarily involved in asthma?: mast cells
Neutrophil/complement defects (humoral defects) result in increased incidence of ___________ ________.: Bacterial pneumonia
What disease invovles extrinsic allergic alveolitis caused by exposure to organic dust?: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Cell-mediated immune defects result in increased incidence of (intracellular/extracelluar) ___________.: Intracellular parasites (ie TB, HSV, pneumocystis carinii)
What are the two types of asthma?: Extrinsic and Intrinsic
What MRTI is characterized by: acute infectious disease of lower respiratory tract (bronchi/bronchioles, not alveoli), mostly in young infants 2-24 mos.,: Bronchiolitis
What disease presents commonly following URTI, absent splenic function, chills, pleuritic chest pain, productive cough.: Pneumonia
What ways can pneumonia be spread?: Inhalation of pathogens, aspiration of infection, aspiration of gastric contents, hematongenous spread (IV, septic emboli)
What disease: Multi-system granulomatous disease of unknown etiology (presumably immune mediated): Sarcoidosis
What are the possible complications of pneumonia?: Abscess formation; Plueritis, empyema (collection of pus); fibrosis--> chronic Dx
T or F: in a patient older than age 40, in the absence of systemic infection, lung complications should be assumed it is cancer until proven otherwise.: TRUE
What term means: Physican wasting with loss of weight and musche mass caused by disease: Cachexia
T or F: Emphysema gives you the "pink puffer.": True (emphysema=pink puffer)
What is the definition of Pneumonia?: Any infection in the lung (acute or chronic)
Pneumonia is of Bacterial, viral, or fungal origin?: Any of the above.
In Asthma, which is more difficult, expiration or inspiration?: Expiration
T or F: Pneumoconioses is caused by exposure to organic dust particles.: False; inorganic particles (organic--Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)
What are the 2 main subclasses of pneumonia?: Lobar Pneumonia and Bronchopneumonia
________ asthma is associated with young-onset asthma.: Extrinsic
What is main cause of Bronchiolitis?: Viral infection (80%--esp. respiratory synctial virus)
Bronchopneumonia or Lobar Pneumonia: Consolidation of multiple respiratory units surrounding individual bronchial branches: Bronchopneumonia
Bronchopneumonia or Lobar Pneumonia: Consolidation of entire Lobe of Lung: Lobar Pneumonia
What are the 2 main pathways of pathogenesis for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?: Damage to alveolar lining cells or damage to alveolar capillary endothelium--leads to interstitial edema, high protein exudation (hyaline membranes)
What treatment difference is there for bronchitis?: Use bronchodilators and antibiotics.
What organisms cause community acquired acute pneumonias?: Haemophilus Influenzae; Moraxella catarrhalis; Staph Aureus; Klebsiella Pneumoniae; Legionella Pneumoniae
What organism causes Pneumococcus?: Streptococcus pneumoniae
How can histoplasosis be diagnosed?: sputum test, chest x-ray, biopsy of granulomatous tissue, complement fixation, urinary antigen test, immunodiffusion test
What organisms cause community acquired atypical pneumonias?: Mycoplasma Pneumoniae, Chlamidia sp., Viruses
What type of asthma is associated with Type I hypersenistivity, allergens, atopic dermatitis and hay fever?: Extrinsic
T or F: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is only an acute disease.: False. It can also be a chronic disease.
What is the death rate for SARS?: 10% die
Give an example of a community acquired atypical pneumonia caused by a virus.: SARS
What immune related chronic restrictive lung disease affects blacks 10:1 and women 2:1?: Sarcoidosis
What organism causes nosocomial pneumonia (according to lecture notes)?: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
What is the primary cause for aspiration pneumonia?: Markedly debilitated; unconscious patients; abscesses frequent
Fibrothorax, Pneumothorax, Empyema, Hemothorax, or chylothorax: encasement of lungs with fibrous tissue that obliterates pleural cavity.: Fibrothorax
T or F: Lung cancer usually has a poor prognosis with a 5 yr survival rate of 10-15%.: TRUE
Cytomegalovirus primarily affects who?: Immunosuppressed (AIDS), bone marrow transplant
Pneumocystis pneumonia affects who?: Immunosuppressed (AIDS)
What organism causes tuberculosis?: Mycobacteria Tuberculosis (causes chronic bacterial infection)
What chronic lung disease is associated with caseating granulomatous inflammation?: Tuberculosis
T or F: Anthracosis usually leads to bronchogenic carcinoma.: False; Most=benign course
How is histoplasmosis treated?: Antifungals
What types of cells are associated with TB?: epitheliod macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes
approximately how many of the world's population are infected with TB?: one-third
T or F: Intrinsic asthma is immune-mediated.: False
What disease: purulent cough, dyspnea, hypoxia, cyanosis, peribronchial fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, congestive heart failure.: Chronic Bronchitis
Fibrothorax, Pneumothorax, Empyema, Hemothorax, or chylothorax: Entry of air or gas into pleural cavity; may cause atelectasis, compression, collapse of lung.: Pneumothorax (spontaneous vs trauma)
What is the "Ghon Complex"?: associated with localized lung inflammation in primary tuberculosis
Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis is of _______ onset and is mediated (or affected) by _________ ________.: Sudden; antigen-antibody Complexes
T or F: Primary TB usually heals spontaneously: TRUE
Define Consolidation as it refers to the lungs.: Process of becoming solid (ie when lung becomes firm as air spaces are filled with exudate in pneumonia)
What treatment is there for the rare form of emphysema?: alpha 1-antitrypsin infusion
T or F: In primary TB, viable organisms can still persist after healing and calcification: TRUE
T or F: Bronchiolitis usually resolves in 7-10 days.: TRUE
T or F: Histoplasmosis ususally responds poorly to antifungal meds.: False; responds well
The "ghon Complex" forms in which part of the lung and enlarges which lymph nodes?: lower part of upper lobe, upper part of lower lobe (right in the middle); enlarges hilar lymph nodes
T or F: Sarcoidosis exhibits caseating granulomas: False; exhibit non-caseating granulomas
Anthracosis, Silicosis, or Asbestosis, all three, or none: Increased risk of bronchogenic carcinoma: Silicosis (maybe asbestosis too, but mesothelioma is the characteristic sign of asbestosis
Granulomas in TB can produce cavities in the lungs which can cause hemoptysis. What is hemoptysis?: coughing up blood
T or F: The primary TB infection is more damaging than the secondary infection.: False (other way around)
What disease: non-specific mild pulmonary disease, low grade fever, 95% undiagnosed, ghon complex: Primary TB
What disease: Non-productive cough, low grade fever, malaise, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis: Secondary TB
One of the MAIN causes (that he underlined) of INTRINSIC asthma is _______: Psychological stress
What can be seen in a sputum test for TB?: Acid fast bacilli
How long after a Mantoux skin test should you be examined?: 48-72 hrs.
What Middle Respiratory Tract Tumor did we mention in class? (only one): SCCA (squamous cell carcinoma) of Larynx
What are 3 specific examples of Pneumoconioses?: 1. Coal worker's lung (anthracosis); 2. Silicosis; 3. Asbestosis
T or F: the erythema around the indurated area of a PPD test is measured.: False. Only the induration is measured (normal = <10 mm)
What potential complication arises from using N2O sedation on a patient with emphysema?: They can be dependent on LOW O2 levels as a primary stimulant to respiration; N2O has high concentration of O2 so it can lead to cease of respiration.
T or F: After treating histoplasmosis, fibrotic changes may still remain.: TRUE
Fibrothorax, Pneumothorax, Empyema, Hemothorax, or chylothorax: Pockets of pus surrounded by fibrous tissue; caused by infection that spreads from the lung.: Empyema
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Productive cough: Bronchitis
What can be done in the dental office to prevent an attack of dyspnea during treatment?: Treat in semi-upright position; always have inhaler
T or F: Asthma is more common in children.: TRUE. 10% of children get it, while 5% of adults get it.
What disease: widespread hematogenous seeding of bacteria; numerous granulomas in lungs or other organs (ie spleen): Miliary TB
T or F: Sarcoidosis is typically a fatal disease.: False; 10% mortality, 70% spontaneous recovery, 50% asymptomatic
T or F: Disseminated TB can cause granulomas on pluera (causing pleuritis) and extrapulmonary TB: TRUE
Where are the most common sites of metastasis of lung cancers?: Brain and Liver mostly, occasionaly bone (mandible), rarely oral soft tissue
Premature infants commonly have respiratory problems due to insufficient pulmonary __________.: surfactant
What is the main cause of SCCA of the larynx?: Smoking and chronic alcohol use
What is by far the most common type of lung cancer?: Bronchiogenic Carcinoma (90-95% of lung cancers)
Two of the causes of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (as stated in the notes) are: __________ Lung and _______ _________ Lung.: Farmer's Lung (moldy hay/grain); Pigeon Breeder's Lung (pigeon serum protein in droppings)
T or F: Pulmonary Histoplasmosis progression to Disseminated Histoplasmosis is common.: FALSE; happens, but rarely
If N2O diffuses into large gas-filled blebs in patients with COPD, what can happen?: They can rupture
Fibrothorax, Pneumothorax, Empyema, Hemothorax, or chylothorax: Collection of blood in space between chest wall and lung (pleural cavity).: Hemothorax (trauma vs. rupture of intrathoracic aortic aneurysm)
List the 4 types of Bronchiogenic carcinomas.: 1. SCCA (30%) 2. Adenocarcinoma (30%) 3. Large Cell undifferentiated (10%) 4. Small Cell (oat cell-20%)
Coccidiomycosis, Aspergillosis, or Zygomycosis: Southwest: Coccidiomycosis
What type of lung cancer arises from the terminal bronchioles?: Bronchioalveolar cancer
What is a type of lung cancer that is a neuroendocrine tumor of low malignancy?: Carcinoid
What ASA type(s) is it mandatory to consult with the physician first?: IV (III is wise, but not necessary)
What type of lung cancer is associated with asbestos exposure, takes 25-40 yrs to develop, is pluera-derived, and has a poor prognosis?: Mesothelioma
What disease: persisten hoarseness, change in voice, stridor (high pitched crowing sound), rare under age 40: SCCA of larynx
Bronchitis, Emphysema, or Both: Cor Pulmonale: Both
What do small (oat) cells arise from?: Neuroendocrine cells
T or F: Metastatic lung tumors are more common than primary lung tumors (single site): TRUE
What is the treatment and survival rate for SCCA of the larynx?: Radiation w/ or w/out surgery; 75% survival rate if early Dx.
What type of hormones do small (oat) cell (bronchogenic carcinoma) express?: polypeptide hormones
Fibrothorax, Pneumothorax, Empyema, Hemothorax, or chylothorax: Presence of lymphatic fluid in pleural space; secondary to leakage/obstruction of thoracic duct or main tributaries: Chylothorax (causes: lymphoma, surgical trauma)
What chronic lung disease is associated with elevated ACE?: Sarcoidosis

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Number of cards 246