psychology rathus chapter 5-Consciousness

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what is selective attention?: focusing on 1 stimulus out of many stimuli
what is direct inner awareness?: when an individual is aware of the personal thoughts, images, emotions, and memories
what are freud's 3 levels of consciousness and what is their characteristic?: conscious-aware of thoughts & feelings
preconscious-not currently aware of thoughts & feelings but they are readily available to us.
unconscious-we are unaware of our thughts & feelings either thru repression or suppression
what state is our "waking state"?: conscious
Hypnosis, Meditation, Biofeedback and effects of psychoactive drugs are all examples of __________: Altered states of consciousness
what is the Circadian rhythum cycle?: it regulates our sleep-wake patterns and is connected with the earth's 24 hr rotation
people who live without environmental clues increase their ____________________ and sleep about ___ of those hours: cycle to 25 hours,
10
how do scientist measure sleep?: EEG (electroencephalograph) measure electrical brain activity while asleep and awake.
EEG's measure brainwaves in frequencies or number of _________________ and amplitude or index of ________: waves per second,
strength
This technology has led to the understanding that sleep has ___ stages of NREM and ___ stage of REM and we go thru these stages about ___ nightly: 4, 1, 5
Sleep is deeper _________ in the night and REM sleep tends to become prolonged _________: earlier,
in the morning
When we close our eyes our brain waves slow down to 8-13 cycles/sec we call it _________: alpha waves
Stage 1 brain waves slow down to ________ and is called _________: 6-8 cycles/sec,
theta waves
During Stage 1 __________ state may occur (brief photograph like images): Hypnagogic
Stage 1 lasts _________ mins: 30-40
Stage 2 brain waves slow to ________ cycles/sec and have sleep spindles or brief bursts of brain activity of ___________ cycles/sec: 4-7,
12-16
Stage 3 brain waves slow to ______ and is called ___________ waves.: 1-3 cycles/sec,
delta waves
stage 4 also has delta waves but the cycles slow down to __________: .5-2 cycles/sec
It is difficult to wake a person in stage ____: 4
In stage 1 sleep, EEG patterns resemble those of the lightest stage of sleep. That's why we term it __________ sleep.: paradoxical
It is difficult to wake a person in _____: REM
If you wake a person, __% of the time they will report having been dreaming: 80
Dreaming in NREM occurs but is less frequent - ___%: 20%
Lack of sleeep for several nights leads to impairments in _________, _________, and _______________: attention, learning, memory
The amount of sleep we need is related to _________, _______, and _________: genetics, stress, age
Being REM deprived interferes with _______: memory
Once REM deprived, person can/cannot catch-up REM sleep in later sleep periods: can
Freud theorized that dreams reflect unconscious wishes and ________: urges
Activation synthesis model suggests that ___ and the ___ stimulate responses that lead to dreaming: ACh, pons
PET scans show that the brain's _________ are shut down during sleep.: frontal lobes
_______ are replayed and consolidated during sleep.: memories
Dreams are the by-products of brain ________: testing
Traumatic events such as the attacks on the world trade center can spawn ________: nightmares
Frequent nightmares are related to __________, _____ and other psychological ____: anxieties, depression, discomfort
Not being able to sleep is called _______: insomnia
_____ (61%) are morelikely to report difficulties sleeping than are _____ (53%): females, males
Factors contributing to insomnia include: (5): stress, pain, children, partner's snoring, pauses in partners breathing
Individuals with insomnia may increase its severity by attempting to _____ ______: force sleep
Sudden and irresistibly falling asleep is called _________: narcolepsy
Narcolepsy affects 100,000 people per _____ and appears to run in ________. Each episode last about _______: year, families, 15 mins
Narcolepsy may be accompanied by sleep _________: paralysis
Narcolepsy: during the transitionfrom the waking state to sleep, muscle groups suddenly _________ and the person cannot ________: collapse, move
Narcolepsy is thought to be a disorder of _______ sleep: REM
_______ and _______ drugs have helped some individuals with Narcolepsy: stimulants, antidepressant
What is Apnea: a dangerous sleep disorder in which air passages are obstructed
People with sleep Apnea stop breathing as many as __ times/hour.: 10
Apnea is associated with ___ and chronic _____ ____.: obesity, loud snoring
Apnea is related to ____ blood pressure, ______ _____, and ______: high, heart attacks, strokes
Apnea may be caused by anatomical ________ that clog air passages and problems in the _______ center of the brain.: deformities, breathing
Treatments include ______ ______, __________ and continuous positive _______ _______: weight loss, surgery, airway pressure
Because deep sleep disorders (stages 3 or 4) are more common in children, they may reflect an immaturity of the ________ ________: nervous system
Sleep terrors are similar to nightmares but are more _____. Mild ________ help.: severe, tranquilizers
For bed wetting, ______ therapy methods help. Children often ______ this.: behaviour, outgrow
____% of children walk in their sleep. They typically don't remember their exursions, though they may ______ to questions.: respond
Hypnosis is an _______ state of ______ where people appear highly _________: altered, consciousness, suggestible.
Hypnosis began with ____ _______ in the ____th century.: Franz Mesmer, 18th
Mesmer proposed that the universe is connected by _______ of _________: forms, magnetism
Today hypnosis is used as an anesthetic in _____, ____ and _________.: dentistry, childbirt, surgery
Some pschologissts use it to help people reduce ______ or overcome ________: anxiety, fears
hypnosis is also used to help people deal with ____, stress, enhance the functioning of the _____ system, losing ____ and prompting _________: pain, immune, weight, memories
characteristics of people who are hypnotizable are that they have _______ of what is expected during a ___. they are prone to _____, they _____ unwanted memories, and they want to _____ with the hypnotist.: knowledge, trance, fantasy, compartmentilize, co-operate
it is extremely _____ that someone could be hypnotized against their will: unlikely
what are the 3 theory on how psychologists explain hypnosis?: Role, Response set, Neodissociation-selectively focusing their attention on 1 thing & dissociate from things going on around them.
focusing consciousness in order to alter one's relationship to the world is called:: meditation
meditation can also refer to the process of ______ thinking and allow the world to fade away: suspending
a simplified form of Far Eastern meditation characterized by concentrating on words or sounds that aid a person in achieving an altered state of consciousness (mantras) is called ________: TM - Transcendental meditation
The goals of TM include ______, reducing _____, and normalizing _________ _______.: spiritual, anxiety, blood pressure
TM was shown to reduce _____ rate and ______ rates as well as _______ pressure.: heart, respiratory, blood
Meditators produce more frequent ____ waves. These waves can improve _____: alpha, sleep
Asystem that provides information or "feed back" about a bodily function is called ___________: Biofeedback
Once we have biofeedback we can use it to change body functions once thought to be involuntary. (ie _________): heart rate
We can monitor muscle _______ with the electromyograph (EMG)and then use this biofeedback to combat stress, _______ and anxiety.: tension, tension.
Psychoactive drugs can distort _______ and change ______.: perceptions, mood
Substance abuse is the repeated use of a substance despite its contribution to social, occupational, psychological, ________ problems: physical
Drug dependancy is more severe than abuse because the body becomes _______and ________ symptoms are present.: tolerant,withdrawal
Withdrawal and abstinence symptoms include a____, t____, r____, w_____, rapid _____, and _____ blood pressure: anxiety, tremors, restlessness, weakness, pulse, high
When some chronic alcohol users suddenly decrease their usage the can suffer from DT with stands for ______ ______. It is characterized by 4 symtoms. What are they?: Delirium Tremens,
sweating,restlessness, disorientation, and hallucinations.
There are 6 reasons people report experimenting with drugs. Name as many as you can.: curiousity, peer pressure, parental use, rebelliousness, escapism, sensation seeking
A CDC survey indicated that teen drug and cigarette use _____ over the past decade.: increased
Psychological views suggest that expectations about drug ________ is a powerful predictor of use.: effects
Individual use drugs to self _______ for anxiety and ___________: medicate, depression
Biological views suggest ________ predispositions for drug use.: genetic
Depressants act by slowing the activity of the ___: CNS
3 examples of depressants include:: alcohol, opiates, barbiturates & methaqualone
What is an Opiates? What are some examples? What are they used for?: Agroup of narcotics derived from the opiium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system (ie morphine, heroin, codeine, demerol) usually used for pain relief.
What is a Methaqualone?: an addictive depressant. Often called 'ludes"
what is a barbiturate? What is it used for medically?: an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep. Used to relieve anxiety, tension, & pain. To treat epilepsy, high blood pressure and insomnia. rapidly leads to dependance.
There are 2 benefits to LIGHT alcohol drinking. Name as many as you can.: 1. increase HDL (good cholesterol) and thus decreases risk of heart disease. 2.decreased risk of alzheimers
there are 5 reason people should NOT drink excessively. Name as many as you can.: 1.weight gain 2.interfers with absorption of vitamins 3.cirrhosis of liver or Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome 4.cancer & heart disease 5.birth defects
there are 3 treatments that psychologists are using. what are they?: 1. AA 2.cognitive-behaviour thereapy 3. motivational-enhancement therapy
research is underway using Disulfiram (Antabuse), a drug which makes ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____: people ill if they mix it with alcohol
Stimulants increase activity in the nervous system. 3 examples of stimulants are:: 1. amphetamines 2.cocaine 3. nicotine
__________ help people remain alert thru the night.: amphetamines
other names for amphetamines are _____, _____ or _____: speed, uppers, or bennies
Ritalin (methylphenidate) is a stimulant used to treat ______ ______ _______: attention-deficit disorder
High doses of amphetamine may cause 6 symptoms. What are they?: restlessness, insomnia, loss of appetite, hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and irritability
_____ to amphetamines develops rapidly.: tolerance
Cocaine is a stimulant that produces _______, reduces ________, deadens _______ and bolsters ____-_______: euphoria, hunger, pain, self confidence
Cocaine stimulates a sudden rise in _______ _______. Overdoses can lead to _______, ______, ______, ______, _______, _______, _______, and _________: blood pressure
restlessness, insomnia, tremeors, headaches, convulsions, nausea, hallucinations and delusions
Nicotine stimulates discharge of the hormone ______ which enhances ______ and attention. improves ________ on simple repetitive tasks, enhances _______, helps people _____ and reduce _____. Depresses ________ and raises the ________ rate.: adrenaline, memory, performance, mood, relax, stress. appetite, metabolic
Withdrawal symptoms from nicotine include ______ (12): nervousness, drowsiness, loss of energy, headaches, irregular BM's, lightheadedness, insomnia, dizziness, cramps, palpitations, tremors & sweating
Nearly ________ Americans die from smoking related illnesses each year.: 430,000
Every cigarette smoke steals about ___ minutes of a person's life: 7
_________ (tars) are what lead to lung cancer: Hydrocarbons
Pregnant women who smoke have a higher risk of _____________ (4): miscarriage, preterm births, low birth weight babies, and still born babies
Cigar smokers are ____ more likely to develop lung cancer and increase the risk of cancers of the _____, _____ and _______: 5, mouth, throat and esophagus
Passive smoking (secondhand) is related to respiratory illnesses, ______ and other health problems.: asthma
Hallucinogenics product _________. they can also produce relaxation, euphoria, or in some cases ______: hallucinations.panic.
ex.of hallucinogenics is marijuana. it is produced from __4 words__. it's used to ___& elevate ___. may also produce mild _____.: the cannabil sativa plant.
Relax, mood
Hallucinations
marijuana impairs perceptual-motor coordination, ____ ____ memory,and slows _____. It can increase ______, _____ and psychotic _____.: shor term,
learning
anxiety, confusion, reactions
Marijuana has a strong intoxication which can produce ________ and _______: nausea, vomiting
people can become _________ dependent and experience __________ symptoms.: psychologically
withdrawal
What 2 uses has marijuana been used for medically?: 1. treat glaucoma
2. relieve nausea associated with chemotherapy.
what are the benefits of using marijuana as a medical drug? (3): reasonably safe, inexpensive cost, versatile use
Detoxification is ridding the body of the substance which caused the physiological _________. A procedure which takes about _______ and should be conducted under medical supervision.: dependence, 1 week
Cognitive behavioral approaches to substance abuse focus on modifying abusive and dependent ideas and changing the corresponding behaviour _____: patterns
making a public commitment increases _______. replace the urge to do drugs with other ________. Engage in activities that don't involove _______: success
strategies
drugs.

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