Environmental pathology
Terms
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- Particle size:__-__ microns do not reach distal airways, __-__ microns impact at bifurcation on distal airways, __ microns act as a gas
- 5-10, 1-5, .5
- Particle concentration:__-__ppm overcomes scrubbing action
- 1-5 ppm
- Non neoplastic lung reaction to mineral dust like silica & coal, macrophage phagocytosis & release of mediators --> fibrosis
- Pneumoconiosis
- Slowly progressive nodular fibrosis mostly in upper lobes, quartz smaller that a micron is retained & causes fibrosis (sandblasters & miner workers)
- Silicosis
- Diffuse parenchymal interstitial fibrosis, bronchiogenic carcinoma, localized fibrous plaques on pleural surface, mesiothelioma, lower lobes of lungs
- Asbestosis
- which is the more pathological form of asbestosis, Amphibole or Serpentine?
- Amphibole
- most common cause of preventable mortality, slows healing, contains carcinogens, toxins, CO, & nicotine
- smoking
- Then best indicator nicotine intake is _________ blood/urine levels
- Continine
- Cancer of the lung, Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, MI, Systemic atherosclerosis, oral cancer are all effects of _________
- Smoking
- Causes decreased O2 to heart (lung disease), contaction of coronary arteries, ventricular fibrillation & increased risk of MI
- Smoking
- Can cause anaplastic anemia
- Chloramphenicol
- Can cause hemolytic anemia & anaphylaxis
- Penicillin
- Can cause acute tubular necrosis
- Aminoglycosides
- Can cause asthma & tinnitus
- Salicylate (asprin)
- Can cause Hepatic change
- Tetracycline, Tylenol
- Can cause Lupus
- Hydralazine
- Can cause respiratory depression
- sedatives
- Which is NOT an effect of exogenous estrogen: Enometrial carcinoma, breast carcinoma, thrombo-embolism, & cardiovascular disease.
- Cardio disease is actually reduced by estrogen, endometrial c. increase when used alone, breast c. worse in combination w/ progestin
- Breast carcinoma (after 45) and cervical carcinoma (risk based on lifestyle) are effects of oral contraceptives. OC is protective against endometrial carcinoma and ovarian carcinoma (T/F)
- True; True
- Oral antibiotics increase the effect of oral contraceptives
- FALSE
- Acetaminophen over dose (15-25g) can lead to _____ _____
- liver failure
- An overdose (10-30g) of what leads to gastric ulcers, bleeding (by stoping formation of thromboxane 2), fluid electrolyte imbalance, respiratory alkalosis, & netabolic acidosis
- Asprin
- _____________ is responsible for the damage in ethanol overdose (a metabolite)
- Acetaldehyde
- Most addictive of all drugs(intense euphoria), no physical dependance, psychological withdrawal difficult (years)
- Cocaine (yes, Nic you crack head)
- Can cause life threatening situation in dental chair due to epi in local anesthesia --> arrhythmias (it blocks epi reuptake)
- cocaine
- Cocaine cause all of the following except: fatal arrhythmias, open pupils, talkativeness, normal anxiety, jitteriness, tremor
- normal anxiety, it resembles it but must be differentiated from
- Acute effects of cocaine cause all of the following except: dialated pupils, vasoconstriction, rise in BP, tachycardia, arrhythmia, platelet aggregation, hyperpyrexia (high body temp), & rhabdomylosis (degeneration of muscle)
- all of the above are effects
- Chronic effects of cocaine cause all of the following except: perforation of nasal septum, increased lung capacity, dilated cardiomyopathy
- increased lung capacity (should be decreased)
- Heroin cause all of the following except: pupil constriction, xerostomia, slurred speech, pain reaction threshold decreased
- pain reaction threshold decreased--it is actually INCREASED
- T or F: cocaine is more hazardous than heroin.
- FALSE
- You can die from heroin overdose from all of the following except: respiratory arrest, severe hemmorrhage, arrythmia, cardiac arrest.
- severe hemmorrage
- What is the initial "rush" of heroin due to?
- histamine release
- What stage of heroin use includes the following symptoms: vasoconstriction, sweating, pupillary dilation
- cold turkey stage
- Which heart valves can become infected due to side effects of heroin use?
- right sided heart valves
- All of the following are side effects of heroin use except: pulmonary edema, viral hepatitis, hypopigmentation, amyloidosis, constipation.
- hypopigmentation (should be HYPERpigmentation)
- T or F: Heroin addicts should be prescribed opiate analgesics.
- False, Biatch!!!!
- T or F: NSAIDS should be prescribed for heroin addicts
- TRUE
- Vicodin, Vicoprofen, and Lortab are all_______.
- Hydrocodones
- What do the effects of Hydrocodones mimic?
- Morphine
- What definition? Compulsive, obsessive pattern of abuse. Abuser feels life is impossible w/out the
- Psychological abuse
- What definition? Manifestation of withdrawal syndrome. Body goes through unpleasant experiences if user suddenly stops .
- physiological abuse
- What is the most widely used illegal ?
- mary jane baby, light it up
- delta-9 tertrahydro cannabinol is the psychoactive substance in what ?
- marijuana
- In california where the reefer is legal for medicinal purposes, what treatement is it effective for?
- glaucoma and radiation sickness
- T or F: marijuana can cause birth defects
- true, through chromosomal damage
- all of the following are effects of methamphetamine except: temporary mood elevation, exhilaration (high), Increased mental alertness, sleepiness
- sleepiness
- T or F: you can become addicted to meth from just one use.
- TRUE
- All of the following are side effects of meth use except: heart irregularities, Low pressure, depression, restlessness, tremors, severe fatigue.
- Low pressure
- what level of caffeine increases performance?
- 30-200 mg
- what level of caffeine makes you a wired, crazed lunatic?
- >500 mg
- the acceptable limit for lead intake is ____ ug/dl; __________lead is more hazardous; ___% of ingested is absorbed; ____% ingested by kids is absorbed; ____% is taken up by bone; and lead binds to _________.
- 25; volatized; 10; 50; 80; disulfides
- Formation of zinc protoporphyrin, gum line effect, anemia, and lines in your bones, a "wrist drop" (sort of like eric's) are all characteristic of what?
- lead poisoning
- what causes basophilic stippling of RBC's?
- lead
- Hemoglobin has 200 times more affinity for ___ than _______.
- CO; Oxygen
- In regards to CO poisoning, ________ ________ occurs at 20-30% saturation, and _____________ occurs at 60-70% saturation.
- systemic hypoxia; unconsciousness
- How quickly can you die if you leave your car running in your garage?
- five minutes
- What disease? Slight headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue
- mild exposure to CO
- what disease? Throbbing headache, drowsiness, fast heart rate
- medium exposure to CO
- what disease? Convusions, uncosciousness, heart & lung failure, brain damage and possibly
- severe exposure to CO
- What people are are most affected by CO poisoning?
- unborn babies, infants, ppl w/ heart disease
- Oral contraceptives do NOT cause which one of the following: Thrombo embolism, Hypertension, Cardiovascular disease, Coronary artery disease
- Coronary artery disease
- P-450 is an enzyme that helps detoxify ethanol & medications (T/F)
- True
- What is the most common cause of liver injury/cirrhosis (from environmental factors)?
- Alcohol (chronic alcoholism)
- Which is a positive effect of alcohol: cerebral atrophy, cerebellar degeneration, optic neuropathy, inc HDL in , oral cancer.
- inc in HDL