1st semester bio
Terms
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- uniformitarianism
- says that geological forces produced changes on earth in the past & predicts that those same forces will continue to produce change in the future
- natural selection
- the survival & reprod of organisms that are best suited to their environment
- adaptations
- characteristics that increase the chances that an organism will survive & reprod in its environment
- descent with modification
- related organisms share a common ancestor
- molecules
- measurement [cup of water]
- compounds
- substances [liquid of water]
- electron shells
- arrangement of electrons around an atom's nucleus according to the energy they contain: less energy, closer to nucleus
- isotopes
- atoms of the same element that differ in their # of neutrons
- chemical bonds
- attractions/sharing/transfer of outer shell elecrtons from one electron to another
- chemical reaction
- making & breaking of chem bonds
- activation energy
- energy needed to get chem reaction started
- ion
- atom/molecule that has a pos/neg charge bc it gained/lost electrons
- ionic bond
- attraction b/w opp charged ions
- covalent bond
- 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of electrons
- hydrogen bond
- weak attraction b/w hydrogen atoms & oxy/nitro/fluorine atoms; holds together the strands of DNA in a double helix
- acidic
- solution with more H+ than OH-
- basic
- solution with more OH- than H+
- carbs
- have same hydrogen to oxy ratio as water - 2:1
- monosaccharides
- have 3-7 carbon atoms in their skeletons
- polysaccharides
- several bonded glucose molecules
- lipid functions
-
long-term storage of energy
build structural parts of cell membs - protein functions
-
ctructural components of cell walls
messengers & revievers of messages - amino acids
-
make up proteins
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxy, nitro - peptide bonds
- covalent bonds formed b/w amino acids
- primary structure
- sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
- secondary structures
- the folding or twisting of a polypeptide chain; usually stabilized by hydrogen bonds
- tertiary structure
- globular/spherical folding of the chain of amino acids
- hydrophobicity
- tendency for nonpolar amino acids to avoid water, so they become buried inside folded proteins
- quaternary structure
- 2 or more tertiary forms combined
- nucleic acids
- dictate the amino acid sequence of proteins
- nucleotides
- long chains of these make up nucleic acids
- RNA
- when nucleic acids have ribose in their nucleotides
- DNA
- when nucleic acids have deoxyribose which is a phosphate group & adenine/thymine/guanine/cytosine
- transport proteins
- embedded in the membran; help charged molecules & polar molecules pass into the cell
- glycoproteins
- protiens embedded in the memb that have sugars attached
- glycolipid
- lipids linked to sugars that are in membs
- turgor
- pressure of a cell against its cell wall
- isotonic
- concent of solutes is = inside & outside cell
- hypertonic
- concent of solute outside cell is higherrr [cell bursts]
- hypotonic
- concent of solute inside cell is lower [cell shrinks]
- passive transport
- diffusion with no energy
- active transport
- diffusion that needs energy from ATP bc its going against its concent gradient
- facilitated transport
- passage of molecules attached to carrier proteins going down their concent gradient
- endocytosis
- way to get food into a unicellular organism
- exocytosis
- removes waste
- nephrons
- long, coiled tube with one cuplike end [glomerular capsule] that fits over a mass of capillaries [glomerulus] & another end that opens into a duct that collects urine
- filtration
-
in glomerulus [ball of capillaries]
fluid porton of blood [includes wastes, urea, salts, ions, glucose, & amino acids] is forced into glomerular capsule - reabsorption
-
in tubule
cells of tubule wall absorbs the stuff that was filtered that the body needs & returns them to the blood - secretion
-
as filtered stuff moves thru tubule
cells of tubule wall remove some stuff from the blood & release it into the filtered stuff [mostly K+] - urine
- waste fluid
- ureter
- tube thru which urine leaves the kidneys
- urethra
- tube thru which urine leaves during urination
- aldosterone
-
hormone secreted by adrenal gland
when potassium levels in blood are too high, it's released
stimulates more K+s being taken from the blood & put into the tubule - feedback regulation with ADH
-
dehydration means blood pressure drops
hypothalamus detects this & makes pituitary gland let out ADH
ADH tells cell membs of collecting ducts to let more water in
more water is giben to blood
brain detects the higher blood pressure
stops letting out ADH