Lecture 20: Conflict and Cooperation in Societies
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- Explain how you determine whether an organism should use either the manipulative or cooperative strategy.
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Hamilton's rule:
r(N-1)delta R + delta S >0
if this inequality is satisfied, M is favored over C
N = # of individuals in a social group
r= avg relatedness to manipulator
delta R= change in output
delta S= manipulator's change in output - What conditions predict that a POTENTIAL conflict will occur?
- Delta R <0 and Delta S > 0
- This potential conflict may not result in actual confluct if...(3)
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1) policing by other group memebers sufficie4ntly reduces Delta S
2)the genetic relatedness (r) is sufficiently high
3)Delta R is sufficiently negative (and R>0) - What's the definition of actual conflict?
- The expression of manipulative and counter-manipulative strategies within a group.
- What is the first example of policing?
- Naked mole rats: shoving by queen
- What are the 3 hypotheses for why queens shove?
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1. Mate choice hypothesis
2. Deters Reproductive Challenges (Threat Reduction Hypothesis)
3. Activates lazy workers (Activity incitation hypothesis). - What are strong shoving trends (3)?
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1) closer kin shoved at lower rate
2) larger animals get shoved more frequently
3) shove rate same for males and females (control for relatedness and body size) - What are the 3 important conclusions of shoving?
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1) Queen's shoving does function to incite colony--makes them become more active
2)shoving more directed toward intrinsically lazier (larger, less related) individuals.
3) The "work conflict" underlying shoving behavior is context specific (ex: usually happens in satiated environments) - The other example of policing is in_____________.
- Paper wasps
- Describe the context of how paper wasp colonies work and how cheating/policing fits.
- In paper wasps, there is a distinct division of labor BUT the queen sometimes lets workers reproduce just to keep them around longer.
- the idea of policing is that
- a selfish act (cheating) plus another selfish act (policing) = harmony
- sooo what prevents reproductive cheating amoung foundresses?
- social supression via punishment
- Explain why there's a mother-fetus conflict in humans.
- b/c fetus and mother not genetically identical, there are genetic conflicts over how much nutrition the fetus requires. Mom wants a more equal distribution of nutrition for future pregnancies (r to kids = 1/2). But the fetus is very selfish (r to itself is 1).
- What are 3 pieces of evidence that support this mother-fetus conflict theory?
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1)high maternal blood pressure (can lead to kidney failure)
2) vasoconstrictors (fetus)and vasodilators (mom) are both elevated during pregnancy
3) placenta produces cytotoxins that damage arteries of mom-->maternal bl pressure --> blood flow to placenta