+ Antigens and Antibodies + micro 4

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specific: Specific immune response involves production of _________ antibodies (Ab) against specific antigens (Ag).
2 weeks: How long does it take for a vaccine to make the body immune?
immunogen: An ___________ is any substance that when introduced into the body STIMULATES the production of specific antibodies.
antigen: An _________ is any substance that COMBINES with those specific antibodies.
antigen immunogen: The term antigen is often used to mean both an _______ and and an _________.
antigen/immunogen: characteristics: Foreign/non-self matter

e.g. microorganisms, toxins, foreign tissues

chemically: complex molecules

eg. protein or polysaccharide
Hapten/Partial antigen: Has reactivity (combines with specific antibodies) withouth immunogenicity (stimulating production of specific antibodies) unless bound to a carrier.
Antigenic Determinant/Epitope: Antibodies are not formed against a whole organism but specific regions or chemical groups.
Nature of antibodies/immunoglobulins: A protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to an immunogen/antigen and is capable of combining with that antigen.
Gamma globulins: part of nature of antibodies/immunoglobulins

From separation of blood proteins by electrophoresis.

part of artificial acquired passive immunity
Antibody structure: 2 heavy chains
2 light chains
Heavy and light both have "C" and "V" portions.

Fab portion
Fc portion
V portion: is different for each kind of Ab and gives the Ab its specificity. Ag binding occurs here.
C portion: Constant for each class of Ab.
Fab: Antigen binding fragment

the 2 arms
Fc: Crystallizable fragment

The "trunk" of the antibody. Contains the complement binding site.
IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE: What are the classes of antibodies?
IgG: Monomer of serum antibodies

most abundant in serum antibodies

can cross the placenta: protect fetus and newborn.

fixes complement

Enhance phagocytosis

neutralize toxin and viruses
IgM: Pentamer of serum antibodies

Fixes complement in the blood, lymph, on B cells.

Agglutinates microbes

First Ab produced in response to infection.
IgA: Dimer of serum antibodies

Main Ab in mucus secretions (which is the 1st line of defense), and breast milk.

Mucosal protection.
IgD: Monomer of serum antibodies

In blood and lymph

Receptor on B cells.
IgE: Monomer of serum antibodies

On mast cells and basophils, in blood.

Allergic reactions

Lysis of parasitic worms

These do more harm than good
Clonal Selection: Antibody Response (B cells)

1' Response
2'Response/Anamnestic Response
1' Response antibody response (B cells): Contact with Ag for the first time.

1. Plasma cells -> Antibodies
2. Memory cells are formed to that specific immunogen
2'Response/Anamnestic Response antibody response (B cells): Memory cell activated -> Plasma cells -> Abs formed quickly and in large numbers.
Specific host defenses: What is a 3rd line of defense?
Cell-mediated immunity Dendritic cells: Involves interaction of macrophages and specific T lymphocytes (T-cells)

Pathogens entering the G.I. or respiratory tract pass through: peyers patches which contain antibody and ________ ______.
Dendritic cells: act as antigen-presenting cells.
effector: T cells differentiate into _________ T cells when stimulated by an Ag. Some _________ T cells become memory cells.
superantigens: __________ can bypass the specificity of the cells.
CD4: cells infected by HIV
Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Suppressor T cells Delayed Hypersensitivtiy T cells: What are the 4 different kinds of T cells?
Helper T cells: CD4, Th

generals
gas pedal
Cytotoxic T cells: CD8, Tc

Destroy target cells with perforin.
Suppressor T cells: Ts
Turns off immune response when Ag is no longer present.

brake pedal
Th1: Activate cells related to cell-mediated immunity
Th2: Activate B cells to IgM and IgE.
Delayed Hypersensitivity T cells: Td
memory cells
Associated with allergic reaction, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test.

look for cancer cells.
Activated macrophages Natural killer cells T-dependent antigens T-independent antigens Antibody-dependent Cell mediated cytotoxicity: What are the nonspecific cells associated with specific host defenses?
Activated macrophages: Macrophages stimulated by ingesting Ag or by cytokines.
Natural killer cells: Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells, and tumors. (nonspecific)
T-dependent antigens: The B cells response is dependent on T cells before they can be activated.

Certain B cells can only interact when binding with T cells.
T-independent antigens: It has to bind to a certain amount of epitopes on B cells before it can be activated.
Self-tolerance: The immune system DOES NOT normally attack self tissues or compounds.
Clonal deletion: During embryonic development lymphocytes with antigen receptors for molecules present in the body are destroyed.
Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC): Glycoproteins in plasma membrane that enable the immune system to distinguish self from nonself.
Class I MHC: On all nucleated cells.

All cells have a marker that lets your body know that it is part of self.
Class II MHC: On macrophages and B cells.
Agglutination Opsonization Neutralization Activation of complement Inflammation Antibody-dependent: What are the results of Ag-Ab binding?

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Deck Info

Number of cards 48