Unit 7A Chapter 12 Key Points

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

Key Point: Because of increased locomotion, toddlers are at high risk for sustaining injuries. Fatal injuries are primarily a result of motor vehicle accidents, drownings, and burns.
Key Point: Regular dental examinations, fluoride supplementation, removal of plaque, and provision of a low-cariogenic diet promote optimum dental health.
Key Point: Although most of the physiologic systems are mature by the end of toddlerhood, development of certain areas of the brain is still occurring, allowing for greater intellectual capacity.
Key Point: Development of body image occurs with increasing motor ability, at which point toddlers recognize the importance and capacity of body parts.
Nursing Tip: 1) To encourage children to open their mouth, ask tem to "tweet like a bird" to brush the front teeth and to "roar like a lion" to brush the back teeth. 2) SIng, tell stories, or talk to children during teeth cleansing to prevent boredom.
Key Point: In Piaget's sensorimotor and preconceptual phases of development, the toddler experiments by incorporating the old learning of secondary circular reactions with new skills and applies this knowledge to new situations. There is the beginning of rational judgment, an understanding of causal relationships, and discovery of objects. Preconceptual thought is characterized by egocentricism, centration, global organization of though processes, animism, and irreversibility.
Key Point: THe most striking characteristic of language development during early childhood is the increasing level of comprehension.
Nursing Alert: Safety belts should be worn low on the hips, snug, and not on the abdominal area. Children should be taught to sit up straight to allow for proper fit. The shoulder belt is used only if it does not cross the child's neck or face.
Nursing Tip: 1) A general guide to the serving size of food is 1tbsp of solid food per year of age or one fourth to one third of the adult portion size. 2) Use the tbsp guide for easily measured food such as vegetables or rice. 3) Use the fraction guide for bread or milk.
Key Point: Parental concerns during the toddler years include toilet training, coping with sibling rivalry, limit setting and discipline, dealing with temper tantrums, negativism, and regression.
FYI: The LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for CHildren) universal child safety seat system was implemented as a requirement starting in the fall of 2002 for all new automobiles and child safety seats. This system provides a uniform anchorage consisting of two lower anchorages and one upper anchorage in the rear seat of the vehicle. New child safety seats will have a hook, buckle, strap, or other tether that attaches to the anchorage. Seat belts will no longer be used to anchor child safety seats in newer vehicles. The first phase requires all new cars to have an upper anchorage. By fall of 2002, all new cars must have had the entire LATCH system installed.
Key Point: The two phases of differentiation of self from significant others are separation and individuation.
Key Point: According to Erikson the major developmental task of toddlerhood is acquiring a sense of autonomy while overcoming a sense of doubt and shame.
Key Point: Specific tasks in the psychosocial development of a toddler include differentiating self from others, tolerating separation from parent, coping with delayed gratification, controlling bodily functions, acquiring socially acceptable behavior, communicating verbally, and interacting with others in a less egocentric manner.
Key Point: Biologic development during the toddler years is characterized by the acquisition of fine and gross motor skills that allow children to master a wide variety of activities.
Key Point: Effective discipline techniques for toddlers include reward, ignoring or extinction, and time-out.
Key Point: The toddler stage, extending from 12 to 36 months, is a period of intense exploration of the environment.
Key Point: Language is the major cognitive achievement in toddlerhood.
Key Point: Nutrition is important at this stage becuase eating habits established in toddlerhood tend to have lasting effects in subsequent years.
FYI: Some snacks do not contribute to tooth decay. Aged cheeses, such as cheddar, may alter the pH and retard bacterial growth. Sugarless gum chewed after eating may actually protect against cavities by stimulating saliva that neutralizes acid. The artificial sweeteners sacharin, aspartame, and Splenda are noncariogenic; sorbitol has low cariogenic potential.
Key Point: Locomotion is the major gross motor skill acquired during toddlerhood, followed by increased eye-hand coordination.

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 21