Developmental Psych 1
Terms
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- equal
- GD - schizophrenia
- Genital stage
- (puberty-on) maturation of sexual interests
- culture, ethnicity, family, neighborhood, socioeconomic status
- Major contextual influences (cefns)
- naturalistic
- field study - observing behaviors in the natural environment
- replication
- repeating essence of study with different group of subject to support or not the orginial study
- slow to warm up
- (15%) responded slowly to change
- repression
- keeping unacceptable impulses out of conscious awareness
- Piaget
- cognitive-stage theory
- sublimation
- transforming unacceptable impulses into more socially valued activities
- women
- GD - more acute and lasting sense of smell
- intermittent reinforcement schedule
- some of the time the desired behavior is reinforced, and some of the time it isn't
- correlation coefficient
- (r) goes from +1 to -1 measures both the direction and the magnitude of the relationship between the two variables
- Latency stage
- (6 - puberty) repressed sexual feelings
- subject bias
- subject behaves in a way that he believes the experimenter wants him to behave
- 7.5 lbs
- average weight of newborn
- young adulthood
- intimacy versus identity confusion
- projection
- attibuting one's own threatening impulses or unacceptable characteristics to others
- conventional level
- (late childhood - early adolescence) morality of law and social rules
- Interactive behaviors, motor behaviors, physiological control, response to stress
- Brazelton Test (IMPR)
- 3rd stage of labor
- stage where the placenta and any remains of umbilical cord leave the mother's body
- stranger anxiety
- (8-9 mo's) wariness of unknown people
- Brazelton Neonatel Behavioral Assessment Scale
- test administered within a few days after birth; trying to illicit baby's best performace, better predictor
- monozygotic twins
- identical twins
- egocentrism
- one doesn't have the ability to take another person's viewpoint
- walking reflex
- when baby is held under arms, with bare feet touching flat surface, it makes step-liek motions that look like well-coordinated walking
- men
- GD - speech problems
- social learning theory
- Bandura
- operational
- (7-11) thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- middle childhood
- industry versus inferiority
- dilation
- widening of the cervix (eventually to 10 cm)
- assimilation
- incorporate new experiences into an already existing schema
- Superego
- contains moral principles and values; focuses on how we ought to behave
- 3-4 mo's
- teething typicall begins
- vernix caseosa
- oily protection against infection that covers new babies
- lanugo
- fuzzy prenatal hair not yet fallen off of neonate
- Oral Stage
- (1-18 mo's) pleasure centers on the mouth
- infancy
- basic trust versus mistrust
- Apgar scale
- scale for determining baby's health; total scores below 7 should raise concern
- Bandura
- social learning theory
- 17 mo's
- when child can walk up stairs
- women
- GD - computation
- 3 mo's
- when child can roll over
- cognitive-stage theory
- Piaget
- equal
- GD - learning disorders
- simple to complex
- babies develop simple skills before complex ones
- statistical analysis
- finding out if differences are significant and cannot happen by chance alone
- critical period
- specific times during development when a given event has its greatest impact
- tonic neck reflex
- hen baby is laid down on back, the baby turns head to one side, assumes "fencer" position, extends arms and legs on preferred side, flexes opposite limbs
- Huntington's Disease
- degenerative disease of the central nervous system of dominant inheritance
- babinski reflex
- when the sole of a baby's foot is stroked, the toes fan out and the foot twists
- touch
- earliest sense to develop (32 wks gestational age)
- cephalocaudal
- head develops before arms before feet
- embryonic stage
- 2-9 wks into prenatal development when placenta and umbilical cord begin to form; most vulnerable period)
- Social learning theory
- individuals are going to learn by observing and imitating the behavior of others
- dizygotic twins
- fraternal twins
- displacement
- venting anger on a vulnerable or less threatening victim instead of the actual source of anger
- secondary reinforcer
- a conditioned stimulus that strengthens or increases the response that it follows
- Preconventional level
- (early childhood) morality of self-interest
- sensorimotor
- (birth to 2 yr) when child experiences the world through their senses and actions
- 2nd stage of labor
- pushing stage that starts when baby's head leaves the cervix and moves into vaginal canal and ends when baby leaves the body
- pre-conscious mind
- all memories which are not part of current thoughts but can be readily brought to mind according to Freud
- Down Syndrome
- chromosomal abnormality with 3 copies of 21st chromosome resulting in mental retardation (1 out of 600-800 children)
- rooting reflex
- when baby's cheek or lower lip is stroked with finger or nipple, it's head turns, mouth opens, and sucking movements begin
- positive reinforcer
- a pleasant simulus that strengthens or increases the response that it follows
- unconscious mind
- bulk of mind, thoughts, desires, and mipulses of which we are largely unaware
- 3 yr
- when child can balance briefly on one foot
- contextual perspective
- approach that emphasizes the role of the environment and how it affects the individuals; multiple layers
- Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
- Kohlberg's moral development stages (PCP)
- delusion
- irrational thinking process
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- disorder in 5 out of 1000 children with mental retardation and other problems due to alcohol intake by mother
- conversion
- 2 objects that are equal remain equal, those with differences remain different
- oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
- Freud's stages of personality development (OAPLG)
- men
- GD - suicides
- reinforcement
- starts with an existing behavior and reinforces closer and closer approximations to the actual desired behavior
- negative reinforcer
- the termination of an unpleasant stimulus that strengthens or increases the response that it follow (stopping nagging)
- 5.5 mo's
- when child can sit without support
- effacement
- thinning and softening of the cervix
- darwinian reflex
- when the palm of the baby's hand is stroked, it makes a strong fist, can be raised to standing position
- Phallic stage
- (3-6 yrs) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
- 4th stage of labor
- recovery and rest stage of labor
- Rh incompatibility
- a complication of pregnancy that can occur when the father is Rh positive, the mother is Rh negative, and the baby is Rh positive
- schema
- way of looking at the world that helps one to organize their past experiences and provides a framework to understand future experiences
- late adulthood
- ego integrity versus despair
- 1st stage of labor
- effacement and dilation occur
- APA
- American psychiatric/Psychological Association
- moral development stages
- Kohlberg
- reaction formation
- unconsciously feeling or acting the opposite of one's true anxiety-arousing (and threatening) unconscious feelings
- ethological approach
- approach that focuses on biological and evolutionary basis of behavior, adaptive value
- peak experience
- estatic or spritual experience of some kind
- 1 yr
- child typically has 6-8 teeth
- 1 yr
- when child can stand alone and walk
- low birth weight
- 2nd leading cause of infant mortality
- New York Longitudinal study
- Chess & Birch conducted this study with 130 children and infants over a number of years to classify 3 temperamental groups
- case study
- index study of one individual
- Tay-sach's disease
- degenerative disease of the central nervous system of recessive inheritance; commonly found in eastern european Jews
- formal operational
- (12 - adulthood) abstract reasoning;
- 2-3 yrs
- all primary teeth are typically in place
- Easy
- (40%) responded well to change and new people, more positive and mild emotional responses
- adolescence
- identity versus identity confusion
- descriptive statistics
- median, mode, average, etc.
- toddlerhood
- autnomy versus shame and doubt
- punisher
- any consequence that decreases or weakens the recurrence of the behavior it follows
- 2 yr
- when child can run and jump
- 18-20 in.
- average length of newborn
- equal
- GD - verbal ability
- men
- GD - spatial tasks
- psychosocial theory
- Erikson
- morality of constraint
- (4-7 yrs) intent (judges by consequences), immanent justice (punishment is the will of God), punishment (child approves severe punishment)
- operational definition
- definition that is stated in terms that can be observed and measured
- Kohlberg
- Moral development stages
- Pavlov
- classical conditioning
- human capital
- presence of educated, employed individuals which provide economic base and models for children of neighborhood
- Germinal stage
- early stage in prenatal development where sperm and ova fuse and mitosis occurs (rapid cell differentiation takes place)
- appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
- apgar
- object permanence
- (8-9 mo's) understanding that a person or object exists even when it is not in sight
- Morality of cooperation
- (8 yrs plus) intent (child judges act by intentions), immanent justice (god not responsible), punishment (child approves of mild punishment)
- Rubella
- illness that can cause a child to be born with hearing problems and heart defects
- regression
- retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of development where some of our psychic energies are still fixated
- women
- GD - anxiety and depression
- germinal, embryonic, fetal
- Prenatal development stages (GEF)
- sex-linked inheritance
- abnormality is carried on the sex chromosome and mostly affects males
- Ego
- part of the personality that operates on the reality principle; is the mediator between the id and superego
- accomodation
- adjust our schema to fit the particular of new experiences or new situaitons
- Anal stage
- (18-36 mo's) pleasure focuses on bowel/bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
- men
- GD - antisocial personality disorder (psychopath)
- fetal stage
- 9wks to birth in prenatal development
- early childhood
- initiative versus guilt
- hallucination
- sensory experience without an accopmanying sensory stimulus; auditory most common
- Skinner
- operant conditioning
- information-processing approach
- how the brain works at gathering, storing, retrieving, and using information
- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
- sudden death of any infant under 1 yr of age in which cause of death remains unexplained after a thorough investigation that includes an autopsy
- 5-9 mo's
- first tooth typically appears
- classical conditioning
- Pavlov
- schizophrenia
- psychotic disorder marked by a loss of contact with reality and by symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations
- Sensorimotor, Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
- Piaget's stages of cognitive development (SPCF)
- difficult
- (10%) didn't respond well to change, intense and negative emotional responses
- Moro reflex
- when the baby is dropped or hears loud noise, it extends legs, arms, and figners, arches backk, draws head back
- correlation
- statistical technique (Galton) which attempts to determine whether two variables are related/associated
- nonnormative
- events that don't normally happen to most people or events that normally occur but at an atypical chronological age
- Concrete Operational
- (7-11) thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
- normative
- changes that occur in a similar way for most people in a given group
- fontanel
- soft spot on neonate's head where bones have not yet grown together
- Denver Developmental Screening test
- test that provides norms for when children typically reach some of their developmental and motor milestones
- Id
- Part of personality that operates on the pleasure principle; strives to satisfy instinctual drives to survive; reproduce and aggress
- continuous reinforcement schedule
- every time the individual exhibits the desired response, they are rewarded (initial learning and extinction both occur quickly)
- Postconventional lvel
- (adolescence on) morality of abstract principles
- proximaldistal
- core develops before hands before fingers
- rationalization
- intellectualizing or explaining away one's unacceptable behavior
- DSM
- authoritative schema for identiftying different psychological disorders
- Nicotine
- single most important factor in low birth weight in babies (also increases childhood cancer and learning problem risks)
- middle adulthood
- generativity versus stagnation
- Morality of constraint; morality of cooperation
- Piaget's stages of moral development
- men
- GD - problem solving
- psychotic disorder
- when an individual can't distinguish reality form fantasy
- conscious mind
- all current thoughts according to Freud
- women
- GD - suicide attempt
- Erikson
- psychosocial theory
- primary reinforcer
- satisfying a basic need without having to be learned that stregthens or increases the response that it follows
- birth defects
- 1st leading cause of infant mortality
- operant conditioning
- skinner
- deciduous teeth
- baby teeth (20)
- autosome
- non-sex chromosome
- Preoperational
- (2-7 yrs) representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
- physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs (PSBES)
- folic acid
- vitamin that reduces the likelihood that child will have some kind of neural defect