Section 3: Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas
Terms
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- The Congress of Vienna
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1815- European diplomats met at the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat
-Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria- wanted to restore Europe to life before French Revolution
-Alexander I of Russia- create an alliance of Christian monarchs to suppress future revolutions
-Lord Castlereagh of England- prevent France from building military forces
-Maurice Talleyrand of France- obtain equal footing for Francce with the rest of the nations - Results of the Congress of Vienna
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established a balance of power- distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
-restored power to monarchs
-strengthened nations around France
-added Belgium and Luxembourg to Holland and created the kingdom of the Netherlands
-Gave Prussia lands along the Rhineland
-Austria took control of Italy - Conservatism
- set of beliefs held by those who wanted to preserve traditional ways
- Liberalism
- people opposed the power of mmonarchs and sought democrati reforms
- Nationalism
- Poeple wanted independent nation-states that were free form foriegn rule
- Revolutions of 1830
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-France- restoration of the Bourbons
-Belgium- demanded indpendence form the Dutch
1831- gained independence
-Italy- Congress of Vienna had divided Italy among Austria and France, Italian revolutionaries tried to overthrow the governments, they were thrown down by the Austrians
-Poland- under Russian rule, in 1830, nationalist poland staged and uprising, eventually crushed - Revolutions of 1848
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-France- King Louis Philippe's government denounced as corrupt
-Louis Philippe stepped down and a republic was set up
-Austrian Enpire- students revolted, Metternich resigned when workers rose up to support the students
-Austrian army soon regained control
-Italy and Germany- Italy was successrfrul for short periods, Germany student protesters backed by peasants and workers demanded reforms
-assembly was formed, dissolved as revolutionaries turned on each otehr -
Absolutism in Czarist Russia:
Social Conditions -
Feudal Society- landowning obles were powerful and resisted nay change that would weaken their position
-middle class was too small to have any influence
-sefdom was continued, sefs were bound to the land, and the owner of the land had almost total power over hte sefrs who worked it -
Absolutism in Czarist Russia:
Freeing the serfs -
Russia became involved in the Crimean War after trying to seize Ottoman lands along the Danube
-Russia lost the war, stressing to leaders the need for westernization and industrialization
1861- under Alexander II, serfs wer freed - Russification
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Russia contained many ethnic minorities, czars aimed to maintain tight control over htese peopel as ewll as to enourage feeling of Russian unity
-Russian czar Aleander III persecuted non Russians, including Poles, Ukrainians, and Armenians
-insisted on one language, Russian, and one church, the Russian Orthodox Church - Pogroms
- violent attacks on Jews, authorities stood by and watched as the homes of Jews were burned and thier businesses looted
- Reasons against a unified latin America
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Geographic Barriers- Andes Mountains
Social Inujustice- colonial class structure remained intact, Creoles replaced peninsulares as the ruling class, and oland and wealth remianed in their hands