Western Civ Midterm- Chapter 8
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- What was the state of Europe during the MIddle Ages?
- it was an isolated, backward region, largely cut off from the more advanced civilizations.
- What natural resources did Europe have?
-
-dense forests
rich black soil
-untapped veins of rich minerals
-seas for highways and exportation
-large rivers for trade and water wheels - What were the Germanic tribes who migrated across Europe like?
- they were farmers and herders. They had no cities, and no written laws or customs.
- What was the strongest and most successful Germanic tribe?
- the Granks
- Who was king of the Franks?
- Clovis
- What Roman province did the Franks capture?
- Gaul
- What was one of the major, and important things that Clovis did as a Frankish king?
- he converted to Christianity which was the religion of many o fhis subjects. He therefore earned the support of the Gauls and gained an ally in the Roman Catholic Church.
- What happened and who was involved in the Battle of Tours?
- Frankish warriors defeated a Muslim army. Muslims advanced no farther into western Europe.
- What was Charlemagnes nickname?
- Charles the Great
- Who was Charlemagne and what did he do?
- He was a Frankish king who created an empire. He fought the Muslims and other groups. He crushed the rebellious Romans and was CROWNED EMPORER by the pope.
- Who did Pope Leo III call for and what did he want done?
- He wanted Charlemagne to crush the rebellious Romans.
- What did Charlemagne encourage in his empire?
- he tried to spread Christianity by workiing with the Chirch. missionaries won many converts.
- What are Missi Domenici?
- they were appointed provincial rulers sent out to check on roads, listen to grievences, and see that justice was done.
- Where did Charlemagne hope to make his second capital?
- Aachen "a second Rome"
- What else did Charlemagne encourage in his empire?
- education- revival of Latin learning
- Who did Charlemagne appoint to run his chool at Aacen?
- Alucin
- What did the Treaty of Verdun say?
- it divided the empire into three regions.
- Who were the Magyars?
- a wave of nomadic people that overran Eastern Europe. they were eventually turned back.
- Who were the most destructive raiders of Europe and describe their civilization.
- the Vikings. They were expert sailors and ferocious fighters. They were traiders and explorers.
- What system evolved out of a need for personal protection?
- feudalism
- What are vassals?
- lessor lords who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord who ran the land.
- What land did the vassals own?
- fief
- What did the vassal pledge in exchange for land and protection?
- loyalty and military service
- Knight battles started off __________ and ended up ________________.
- they started as dangerous real battles but then became mock battles.
- Who was Elanor of Aquitane?
- she took a hand in politics. she became queen of france and england.
- What is chivalry?
- the knights code of conduct. they must be generous and truthful. they could not attack other knights before they had their propper armor intact. chivalry also RASIED WOMEN TO A NEW STATUS. it applied to nobles only, however.
- What were the wandering poets called who respected women?
- troubadors
- What was the lord's estate called?
- a manor- included the land and villages around it. peasants worked on the manor.
- What were serfs?
- peasant bound to the manors. they could not be bought and sold, but they were not free.
- Many people of medieval europe believed in magical things such as...
- fairies, spells, love potions, witches...
- What was the western church called?
- the roman catholic church
- What kind of church was the Roman Catholic Church?
- secular
- What were the lands in central Italy called which were controlled by the pope?
- papal states
- What are sacraments?
- sacred rituals of the church. by participating in church sacraments, people would achieve salvation
- what was canon law?
- church law.
- What happened to people who refused to obey church laws?
- they could be excomunicated and therefore they could not recieve sacraments and achieve eternal salvation.
- What happened if a powerful noble violated church law?
- interdict- excluded an entire town, region, or kingdom from participating in most sacraments and from recieving christian burrial.
- What are relics?
- some churches housed these bones or blood of martyrs or other holy figures.
- What was a tithe?
- a tax required to be payed by all Christians. it was equal to 1/10 their income.
- Who was Benedict?
- a monk who founded the monestary, Monte Cassino. he drew up the Benedict Rule.
- Where were the hospitals and "hotels" in the middle ages?
- monestaries and convents
- What very important thing did the monestaries and convents do?
- thye preserved many ancient works of literature. they copied them.
- Who was St. Patrick?
- he was a monk who set up the Irish Church.
- Who was St. Augustine
- the first archbishop of canterbury.
- Who was Hildegard?
- she was a very religious nun who did a lot of things concerning religious purposes. she was important because she was a women and still took part in important religious things.
- Who was Abbot Berno at Cluny?
- he set out to end church abuses. he revived the benedict rule.
- Who was Gregory VII?
- he extended the Cluniac reforms and prohibited simony.
- What is simony?
- the selling of positions in the church.
- Who was Francis of Assisi?
- he was a monk who founded the first order of the friars- the franciscans.
- Who was St. Dominic?
- he founded another preaching order of the friars.
- What were the Dominicans?
- they dedicated their lives to educating people about Church doctrines and disputing the ideas of heretics.
- Who were the Beguines?
- they were a group of women who didnt have enough money to enter a convent so they created one themselves. they ministered to the poor and set up hospitals and shelters.
- What happened to the Jews in the middle ages?
- they were persecuted...anti semitism
- Name some of the new farming technologies developed during the middle ages?
-
-iron plows instead of wooden ones
-new kind of harness (horses/oxen)
-windmill - What was the 3 field system?
-
one field=grain
2nd field=legumes
3rd field=fallow - What was the effect of a mass production of food?
- population increase
- What were trade fairs and where were they located?
- places along navigable rivers/trade routes where people who trade and perform entertainment acts.
- What did medieval cities emerge from?
- small centers of trade
- What was a charter?
- a written document to set out the rights and privileges of the town. merchants issued them
- What is capital?
- money for investment
- What is a partnership?
- group of merchants who pooled their funds to finance a large-scale venture
- How did the insurance work?
- for a small fee, a person would insure the merchant's shipment. If the goods arrived safely, the merchant only lost a small amount of money. If the shipment was lost or destroyed, however, the uderseer paid the merchant most of its value.
- What is a bill of exchange?
- a merchant deposited omney with a banker. the banker issued a bill of exchange. when the merchant got to a new town, he turned in the bill of exchange for cash. therefore he didnt have to cary around gold coins which could be easily stolen.
- What is usury?
- lending money
- What were merchant guilds?
- associations of merchants who passed laws, taxes, and decided what to spend gov. funds on
- What other group of guilds soon emerged? describe them.
- craft guilds. they were weavers, bakers, artisans...etc.
- What are journeymen?
- salaried workers who became guild members.