Nutrition Ch. 9
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- What are some risks of obesity?
- More likely to die from diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease. -Flat feet, abdominal hernias, gallbladder disease, gout, high blood lipids, kidney stones, liver malfunction, respiratory probs, sleep disturb, sleep apnea, some cancers, varicose veins, arthritis.
- Problems with underweight?
- -More likely to die from cancers and wasting diseases. -No nutrient stores.
- What is the energy balance equation and its relationship to body weight.
- Energy stores= Energy taken in munis energy spent on metabolism and muscle activities.
- BMI equation and limits of healthy.
- BMI= (weight X 703) divided by height (inches squared) Underweight: <18.5 Normal: 18.5-25 Overweight: 25-29.9 Obese: > 30
- Name 2 tests that determine a person's body fatness.
- Skinfold test (anthropometry),: which is the measurement of thickness of a fold of skin on back of arm, below shoulder blade using caliper. and Bone density test: which measures body weight compared with volume. Can be determined using underwater weighing or air displacement methods. Also Radiographic techniques: using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
- What is the ideal body fat percentage for men and women?
- Men: 12-20 % body fat Women: 20-30% body fat.
- Define metabolic fitness.
- =Normal... -Blood Pressure -Blood lipids -Blood glucose/insulin levels.
- What are the 3 components of energy expenditure?
- 1. 50-65% basal metabolism: the sum total of all involuntary activities that are necessary to sustain life (circulation, resp, nerves) 2. 25-50% Physical activity: energy spent on voluntary activities. The heavier body part and longer moved=more cals. 3. 5-10% Thermic effect of food: body's speeded-up metabolism in response to having eaten a meal, also called diet induced thermogenesis. Metabolism increase for up to five hours following meals.
- What factors affect basal metabolic rate and how.
- Increase: lean muscle mass, height, pregnancy, fever, stress, temp, thryoxine. Decrease: Malnutrition, fasting/starvation, age.
- Appetite:
- Psychological DESIRE to eat, learned motivation and a positive sensation.
- Name 6 signals for food intake regulation.
- Appetite, Ghrenlin, Hunger, Leptin, Satiation, Satiety.
- Ghrenlin
- A hormone released by stomach-signals hypoth to stimulate eating.
- Hunger
- Physiologic NEED to eat, a drive to obtain food.
- Leptin
- An appetite suppressing hormone produced in fat cells that conveys info about body fatness to brain.
- Satiation
- Perception of fullness that builds throughout meal.
- Satiety
- Lingering fullness after meal and inhibits eating until next mealtime. Determines length between meals.
- Describe difs in higher vs lower satiety.
- Higher: Foods high in fiber, protein, and water. Low: Foods high in white flour, sugar, fat.
- Name some personal factors that influence dietary intake.
- Hunger, Nutrition, food preferences, nutrition attitudes, life experiences, sensory perceptions.
- Name some cultural factors that influence dietary intakes.
- Cultural values/norms. Food store access, Storage facilities, Prep time/cooking skills, media, family norms, seasonal food availability, economic resources, food quality, food prices.
- What is the difference between gradual weight loss and rapid weight loss.
- Gradual: exercises, restricts calories and consumes a balanced diet. This forces body to use stored fat for energy. Rapid: fasting, loss of water weight, not a balanced diet. Not sufficient protein or carbs.
- What are the results of fasting?
- Ketone bodies levels rise in blood. Used to feed brain when there's a carb shortage.
- Define successful weight loss.
- -Slow rate -< 2 lbs/week -weight is not regained -Varied diet -Doesn't lead to disordered eating
- Describe the "Health at every size" paradigm.
- -Eat healthy and pleasurably -Regular, fun phy. activity -develop pos. self image -discard stereotypes.
- Describe disordered eating.
- -Restrained eating -Chronic dieting -Compulsive overeating -overly concerned or preoccupied with food, cals, fat, weight.... obsession/addiction.
- Anorexia Nervosa
- -Refusal to maintain healthy body weight -intense fear of gaining weight -distorted body image -amenorrehea-no period -extreme measures/restriction of eating.
- Bulimia Nervosa
- RECURRENT EPISODES OF BINGE EATING: -eating in discrete amts of time (2 hours.) -Secretive eating -Lack of control over eating. PURGING OR RESTRICTING TO PREVENT WEIGHT GAIN: -Self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxative, diuretics, enemas, excessive exercise.
- Female Athlete Triad?
- EATING DISORDER -restrictive eating: inadequate energy and nutrient intake, over-exercising, weight loss, lack of body fat. AMENORRHEA -diminished hormones OSTEOPOROSIS -amenorrhea can lead to this too. Female athlete triad has eating disorders at the top-leads to the other two.
- Name 6 causes of eating disorders.
- -health/fitness taken to extreme. -Dieting gone awry -pres/expectations -abuse from others -modeling parents behav -personal characterisitics: perfectionist, desire for control, feeling responsible for everything.
- Name 6 consequences of eating disorders.
- -physical -distorted body image -can't think clearly -feel unworthy -highest mortality rate of all mental illnesses -treatment can help, especially the earlier it starts.
- Name 4 things you can do to help someone with an eating disorder.
- -Offer love and acceptance of their worth. -Advice about eating is useless. -encourage him/her to get professional help -accompany him/her to get started if necessary.
- Name 3 major treatments of eating disorders.
- 1. Multidisciplinary. -physician -nutritionist -nurse -psych-gist/psych-trist 2. Major goal -normalize eating patterns and feel comfortable with changes. 3. Primary issue is psychological and not nutritional.