A&P Chapter 18 (Part A)
Terms
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- How big is the heart?
- arpoximately the size of your fist
- Where is the heart located? (4))
- (1)superior surface of the diapragm (2)left of the midline (3)aneterior to the vertberal colummn (4)posterior to the sternum
-
NAME
is located superior to the diaphgram - heart
-
NAME
is located left of the midline - the heart
-
NAME
is located anterior to the vertebral column and posterior to the sternum - heart
- What is the pericardium?
- is a double walled sac around the heart
-
NAME
is a double walled sac around the heart - pericardium
- What is the pericardium composed of? (2)
- (1)a superifical fibrous pericardium (2)a deep two layer serous pericardum
-
NAME
is composed of a superficial fibrous pericardium and a deep two layer serous pericardium - pericardium
- What are the two layer of the serous part of the pericardium?
- (1)parietal layer (2)visceral layer
-
NAME
has two layer the parietal and the visceral layer - the serous pericardium
- What is the parietal layer? (2)
- (1)lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
-
NAME
lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium - parietal layer
- What is the visceral layer?
- lines the surface of the heart
-
NAME
lines the surface of the heart - visceral layer
- (1)layer is also called the epicardium
- visceral
- the visceral layer is also called the (1)
- epicardium
- What separates the visceral layer from the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?
- a fluid filled pericardial cavity
- a fluid filled pericardial cabity serparates (1) and (2) of the serous pericardium
- (1)visceral layer (2)parietal layer
- What are (3) functions of the pericardium?
- (1)protects and anchors the heart (2)prevents overfilling of the heart w blood (3)allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment
-
NAME
protects and anchors the heart - pericardium
-
NAME
prevents overfilling of the heart w blood - pericardium
-
NAME
allows for the heart to work in a relatively friction free environment - pericardium
- What are the parts that make up the heart wall ?(4)
- (1)epicardium (2)myocardium (3)fibrous skeleton of the heart (4)endocardium
- What is the epicardium?
- is a visceral layer of teh serous pericardium
-
NAME
is a visceral layer of the serous pericardium - epicardium
- What is the myocardium?
- cardiac msucle layer forming the bulk of the heart
-
NAME
is the cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart - myocardium
- What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
- crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue
-
NAME
is a crisscrossing, interlacing layer of connective tissue - fibrous skeleton of the heart
- What is the endocardium?
- is an endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface
- is an endothelial layer of the inner myocardial surface
- endocardium
- What are some major blood vessels that return blood to the heart? (2)
- (1)superior and inferior venae cavae (2)right and left pulmonary vien
-
NAME
exs include superior and inferior venae cavae and right and left pulmonary vien - 2 major blood vessels that return blood to the heart
- What are two major blood vessels that convey blood away from the heart? (2)
- (1)pulmonary trunk (2)ascending aorta
-
NAME
examples include pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta - 2 major blood vessels that convey blood to away from the hear
- What are is pulmonary trunk?
- splits into right and left pulmonary arties
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NAME
splits into right and left pulmonary arties - pulmonary trunk
- What is the ascending aorta?
- is made up of three branches
-
NAME
is made up of three branches - ascending aorta
- What are the three branches of the ascending aorta? (3)
- (1)brachiocephalic (2)left common carotid (3)subclavian arteries
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NAME
has three branches the brachiocephalic, common carotid, and subclavian arteries - ascending aorta
- What are the major veins that supply and drain the heart? (3)
- (1)small cardiac (2)anterior cadriac (3)great cardiac viens
-
NAME
examples include the small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and the great cardiac veins - the major viens that supply and drain the heart
- What are the major arteries that supply and drain the heart? (4)
- (1)right and left coronary (2)marginal (3)circumflex (4)anterior interventricular arteries
-
NAME
examples include right and left coronary, marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular artiries - the major arteries that supply and drain the heart
- What is the atria?
- are the receving chambers of the heart
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NAME
are the recieving chambers of the heart - artia
- Each atrium has a (1)
- protruding auricle
- Each (1) has a protruding auricle
- atrium
-
NAME
each of these has a protuding auricle - protruding auricle
- (1)mark atrial walls
- pectinate muscles
- Pectinate muscles mark (1)
- atrial walls
- Describe the flow of blood in the atria of the heart? (2)
- (1)blood enters the right atria from the supior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus (2)blood enters the left atria from the pulmonary veins
- Blood enters the (1) from the superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
- right atria
- Blood enters the right atria from the (1)
- superior and inferior venae cavae and coronary sinus
- Blood enters the (1) from pulomary viens
- left atria
- Blood enters the left atria from the (1)
- pulomanry viens
- Describe the flow of the blood through the lungs?
- right atrium → tricsupid valve → right ventricle → pulmanry sumilunar valve → pulmanary arteries → lungs
- Describe the flow of blood through the heart?
- lungs → pulmonary viens → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semiulnar → aorta → systematic circulation
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
(1) → tricsupid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary sumilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs - right atrium
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
right atrium → (2) tricsupid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary sumilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs - tricsupid valve
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
right atrium → tricuspid valve → (1) → pulmonary arteries → lungs - pulmonary semilunar valve
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
right atrium → triscuspid valve → pulmonary semilunar valve → (1)→ lungs - pulmonary arteries
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
right atrium → triscupsid valve → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → (1) - lungs
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
(1)→ pulmonary viens → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → systemtic circulation - lungs
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
lungs → (1)→ left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aotric semilunar valve → aorta → systemtic circulation - pulmonary viens
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
lungs → pulmonary viens → (1) bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aotric semilunar valve → aorta → systemtic circulation - bicuspid valve
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
lungs → pulmonary viens → bicsupid valve → (1) → aotric similunar valve → aorta → systemtic circulation - left ventricle
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
lungs → pulmonary veins → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → (1) → aorta → systemtic circulation - aortic semilunar valve
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
lungs → pulmonary viens → bicuspid vlave → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → (1)→systematic cicrulation - aorta
-
BLOOD FLOW GOES
lungs → pulmonary viens → bicuspid vlave → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → (1) - systematic cicrulation
- What are vestricles?
- are the discharging chambers of the heart
-
NAME
are the discharging chamebers of the heart - vestricles
- (1) and (2) mark ventricular walls
- (1)papilary muscles (2)traveculae carnae muscles
- Papilary muscles nad traveculae carnae muscles mark the (1)
- ventricular wall
- What muscles mark the ventricular wall? (2)
- (1)papillary muscles (2)trabeculae carnae muscles
- What muscle marks the atrial walls?
- pectinate muscle
- (1) pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
- right ventricle
-
NAME
pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk - right ventricle
- the right ventricle pumps blood into the (1)
- pulmonary trunk
-
NAME
pumps blood into the aorta - left ventricle
- The left ventricle pumps blood into the (1)
- aorta
- (1) pumps blood into the aorta
- left ventricle
- What is coronary circulation?
- is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself
-
NAME
is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle itself - coronary circulation
-
NAME
ensures blood delivery to the heart even if major vessels are occulded - collateral routes
- Collateral routes ensure (1)
- blood delivery to heart
-
T or F
ensure blood delivery to the heart except if major vessels is occluded - false
- Heart valves ensure (1)
- unidirectional blood flow through the heart
-
NAME
ensures unidirectional blood flow through the heart - heart valves
- What does AV stand for?
- atrioventricular
- Where do AV lie?
- btwn the atria and the ventricles
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NAME
lies btwn the atria and the ventricles - AV
- What do the AV do?
- prevents backflow into the artia when ventricle contract
-
NAME
prevents backflow into the artia when ventricles contract - AV
- What keeps AV valves anchored to papillary muscles?
- chordae tendicnae
-
NAME
anchor AV valves to papillary muscles - chordae tendineae
- What is chordae tendineae?
- anchors AV valves to papillary muscles
- (1) are anchored to papillary muscles
- AV
- AV valves are anchored to (1)
- papillary muslces
- Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?
- btwn the left ventricle and the aorta
-
NAME
is located btwn the left ventricle and aorta - aortic semilunar valves
- Where are the pulmonary semilunar valves located?
- btwn the right ventricle and pulomonary trunk
- How do the locations of the aortic semilunar valves and the pulmonary semilunar valves differ?
- (1)aortic semilunar valves- lie btwn the left ventricle and the aorta (2)pulmonary valves - lie btwn the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
-
NAME
lie btwn the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk - pulmonary semilunar valves
- (1) prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles
- semilunar valves
- Semilunar valves prevent (1)
- backflow of blood into the ventricles
-
NAME
prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles - semilunar valves
- What is the difference btwn the functions of semilunar valves and AV valves?
- (1) semilunar valves- prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles (2)AV valves- prevent backflow of blood through the atria when the ventricles contract
- What happens when ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises?
- blood is pushed up against semilunar valves forcing them open
-
NAME
when this happens, blood is pushed up against the semilunar valves forcing them open - when ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises
- What happens when the ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure fails?
- blood flows back from the arteries, filling the cusps of the semilunar valves and forcing them to close
-
NAME
when this happens, blood flows back from the arteries, filling the cusps of the semilunar valves and forcing them to close - ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure fails
- A cardiac muscle is (1)
- striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected
-
NAME
are striated, short, fat, branched, and interconnected - cardiac muscle
- What is the role of connective tissue endomysium in the heart?
- acts as both a tendon and insertion
-
NAME
acts both as a tendon and insterion - connective tissue endomysium
- What are the functions of intercalated discs in the heart?
- anchor cardiac cells together and allows free passage of ions
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NAME
anchors cardiac cells together and allows free passage of ions - intercalated discs of the heart
- How do heart muscles behave?
- as a functional synctium
-
NAME
behaves as a functional synctium - heart muscles
- How is a heart muscle stimulated?
- by nerves and is self-excitable
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NAME
is stimulated by nerves and is self excitable - heart muscle
- How does the heart muscle contract?
- as a unit
-
NAME
contracts as a unit - heart muscle
-
NAME
has a long absolute refractory period - heart muscle
- Heart muscle has a long absoulte (1)
- refractory period
- (1) muscle contraction is similar to skeletal muscle contraction
- cardiac
- What do Autorhythmic cells do? (3)
- (1)initate action potentials (2)have packemaker potenitals (3)use calcium influx for rising phase of action potential
-
NAME
initate action potentials - Autorhythmic cells
-
NAME
have pacemaker potentials - Autorhthimic cells
-
NAME
use calcium influx for rising phase of the action potential - autorhthimic cells
- What are pacemaker potentials?
- refers to unstable resting potentials
-
NAME
refers to unstable resting potentials - pacemaker potentials
- What is heart physiology?
- is intrinisc conduction system
-
NAME
is a intrinsic conduction system - heart physiology
- What does SA stand for?
- sinoatrial
-
NAME
generates impulses about 75 times/ min - SA
-
NAME
delays the impulse - AV nodes
- AV nodes delays the (1)
- impulse
- What happens to the impulse?
- passes from the atria to ventricles via atrioventricular bundle
- the impulses passes from the (1) to (2) via the (3)
- (1)atria (2)ventricles (3)atrioventricular bundle
- AV bundle splits into (1)
- two pathways in interventricular septum
-
NAME
splits into two pathways in the interventricular spetum - AV bundle
- What are bundle branches?
- carry the impluse toward the apex of the heart
-
NAME
carries the impulse toward the apex of the heart - bundle branches
-
NAME
carry the impulse to the heart apex and ventricular wall - purkinjie fibers
- What are purkinjie fibers?
- carry the impulse to heart apex and ventricular walls
- What are the differ btwn bundle branches and purkinje fibers?
- (1)bundles branches-carry impulse toward the apex of the heart (2)purkinje fiber- carry the impulse the heart apex and ventricular walls
-
NAME
generates impulses - SA
- What is the SA?
- generates impulses
- What stimulates the heart?
- the sympathitic cardioacceleatory center
-
NAME
is stimulated by the sympathitic cardioacceleatory center - heart
- What inhibits the heart?
- the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
-
NAME
is inhibits by the parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center - heart
- How is electrical activity recorded?
- by the ECG
- What is the ECG?
- records eletrical activity
- What does the ECG stand for?
- electrocardiogram
- P waves corresponds to (1)
- depolarization of SA node
-
NAME
corresponds to depolarization of SA node - P waves
-
NAME
corresponds to ventricular depolarization - QRS complex
- QRS complex corresponds to (1)
- ventricular depolarization
- (1) corresponds to ventricular repolarization
- T wave
- T waves corresponds to (1)
- ventricular repolarization
-
NAME
is masked by the larger QRS complex - atrial repolarization record
- the heart sounds (lub-dup) are associated the (1)
- closing of the heart valves
-
NAME
are associated with closing of the heart valves - heart sounds (lub-dup)
- What are the first sounds of the heart?
- occurs as AV valves close and signifies beginning of systole
-
NAME
occurs as AV valves close and signigies beginning of systole - the first sounds of the heart
- What are the second sounds of the heart?
- ocurs when SL valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole
-
NAME
occurs when Sl valves close at the beginning of the ventricular diastole - secound sounds at the heart
- What does the cardiac cycle refer to?
- to all events associated w blood flow through the heart
-
NAME
refers to all events associated w blood flow through the heart - cardiac cycle
- What is a systole?
- is the contraction of the heart muscle
-
NAME
is the contraction of the heart muscle - systole
- What is the diastole?
- is the relaxiation of the heart muscle
-
NAME
is the relaxiation of the heart muscle - diastole
- What is ventricular fillings?
- are mid-to late diastole
-
NAME
are mid-to late diastole - ventricular fillings
- What is the heart blood pressure like as it enters the atria and flows into the ventricles?
- low
-
NAME
when are open then systole ocurs - AV valves
- What happens when AV valves open?
- then systole ocurs
- What are the phases of the cardiac cycle? (4)
- (1)ventricular filling (2)ventricular systole (3)isovolumetric relaxation (4)dicrotic notch
- What is ventricular filling? (2)
- (1)heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria and flows into ventricle (2)AV valves are open then atrial systole occurs
-
NAME
during this the heart blood pressure is low as blood enters atria and flows into the ventricle and AV valves are open the then atrial systole occurs - ventricular filling
- What happens during the ventricular systole? (4)
- (1)atria relax (2)reising ventricular pressure resultings in closing of AV valves (3)isovolumetric contraction phase (4)ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves
- Rising ventricular pressure results in (1)
- closing of AV valves
-
NAME
results in closing of AV valves - rising ventricular pressure
- Ventricular ejection phase opens (1)
- semilunar valves
- (1) opens semilunar valves
- ventricular ejection phase
- What is the isovolumetric relaxation?
- early diastole
-
NAME
refers to the early diastole - isovolumetric relaxation
- What happend during the isovolumatric relaxation? (2)
- (1)ventricles relax (2)backflow of blood in aorta ad pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves
-
NAME
the ventricles relax and the backflow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves - isovolumatric relaxation
-
NAME
this will result if the injury occurs in the T1 to L1 transcetions of the spinal cord affecting the lower limbs - paraplegia
-
NAME
this will result if the injury ocurs in the cervical region and affects all four limbs - quadriplegia
- What are the nerves of the BP in order? (17)
- (1)dorsal scapular (2)phrenic (3)long thoracic (4)subclavius (5)suprascapular (6)lateral pectoral nerve (7)axillary nerve (8)radial nerve (9)upper subscapular nerve (10)thoradorsal nerve (11)lower subscapular nerve (12)medial pectpral nerve (13)medial brachial cutaneous nerve (14)medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (15)musculocutaneous nerve (16)median nerve (17)ulnar nerve
- What is the differ btwn alvusions and ruptures?(2)
-
alvusions= are when lower roots are torn
(2)Ruptures=when upper roots are torn - What is the differ btwn aluvisions and ruptures?(2)
- (1)alvusions is when the lower roots are torn (2)ruptures=is when the upper roots are torn
- What are the terminal bracnhces (in order? (3)?
- (1)musculcuotenous nerve (2)median nerve (3)ulnar nerve
- What is the differ btwn the dorsal scapular nerve, the long thoracic nerve, and the thoradorsal nerve? (3)
-
(1)dorsal scapular= (posterior shoudler and d for deep shoulder muscles)=rhomboids and levatar scapulae
(2)long thoracic nerve=serratus anterior
(3)thoradorsal nerve= posterior shoulder)Latisssmi dorsi - what is the differ btwn 2nd and 3rd class lever?
- see notes
- what is the differ btwn static and dynamic?
- (1)static-at rest (2)dynamic -in motion
- What is the differ btwn ligaments and tendons?
- (1)ligaments- attach bone to bone (2)tendons attach muscle to bone
- what are (3)layers of bone?
- (1)cancellous (2)cortical (3)periosteum