Law enforcement
Terms
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- why study history
- its important for a cop to know the history of policing due to current political climate. it is essential to understand background of america's enimes forgin and domestic. "those who do not remeber history are condemned to repeat it." identify successful laws from the past and use them.
- Babylon
-
18C-6C B.C. Mesopotamia, fertal crest between tigris and Euphrates (Iraq).
kings power was absolute. - king hammurabi
- BABYLON. created extensive legal code known as code of hammurabi. sense of judgement based on personal responsibility. (punishment fines and obligations.) lex talionis. addressed all aspects of family social business life and property transcations.
- lex talinonis
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the law of retailiation. death penalty frequently used
code of hammaribi - egypt
-
police unites estblished for protection of the tombs
pretorian guard
had different departments eventually - the greeks in egypt
- greeks adopted a policy of tolerance toward egyptian society. mounted police corp patroled desert, guarded borders, patroled canals rivers, and bought goods for the government. commanded by a police cheif. tax collectors/bodyguards paid in land/money
- hebrews
- mosiac law- the law of moses. 10 commandments. committed to the elimination of class distinctions. foundation of legal systems through out the westurn world.
- greeks
- rights of the masses
- romans
- law of 12 tables. Pretorina guard, vigiles
- praetorian guard
- roman. kings body guard
- vigiles
- roman. freemen acting as firefighters
- french police
- made a frankpledge. fuedalism. Lous XIV established police force and lieutenat of police to protect paris. Eugene Francious Vidoeq
- Eugene Francis Vidoeq
- france. a former convict became head of small detective unit under napolean. stocked his unit w/ former criminals "it takes a theif to catch a theif."
- Britian
-
tything system.
Reeve
Magna Carta
Bow street runners
robert peel - thything system
- britian. a group of 10 families living in close proximity to provide self protect and security
- reeve
- britain. cheif law enforcement officer of the magistrate.
- magna carta
- signed by king john in 1215. statement of democratic principles limited the power of the king and granted citizens certain guarentees including a chruch free form the monarchy. includes due process phrase
- bow street runners
- britian. men who under Henry Fielding, resonded to criminal incidents and apprehened knwon theifs. Fielding supported 24hr police
- Robert peel
- britain. establish the London metropoliatn police, it was a centralized police force. startedc 24hr policing, wear uniform and tophat, no weapons other than a truncheon. "Father of modern municipal policing."
- orgins
-
greek: Polis-city
Roman: Politia - civil administration
French: Police
English: "marine police"- used to protect merchandise in london ports - early policing
-
generally a private matter, citizens were responsible to protect themselves
6 C athens- unpaid magistrates
5 C rome- questors- trackers of murder 1st specialized investigation unit - praetoriais guard****
- ****very frist police officers. rome. hand picked by empor augusus from the miliatry to portect him.
- vigliles
- began as firefightrers eventually agined law enforcement rights. first civil officers missioned to protect civilians
- 1st C licotrs
- rome. appointed to protect magistrates and hand out sentences
- 13th C provost`
- created to enforce law and supervise nightwatch
- marechausee
- mounted to mantian peace on highway. gendererie nationale- to pol.ice outside of french major cities
- king alfred the great. to prevent dutsch invasion england
-
1. mutual pledge- group citizens together to protect each other (tithying 10 familys, consible 10 tithysings)
2. Hue and cry- a yell for assistance to which other citrizens ere expected to respond
3. constable- responsible for 10 tythings.
4. shire=county. shire reeve watched out for county - Statute of Winchester 1285*****
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1. watch and ward- required all ment to serve on night duty
2. hue and cry- pronounced by watch and ward. it was a crime to ignore it
3. parish constivles
4. weapons requirement - 3 dutys of the nightwatch****
-
***1. patrol streets from dusk-dawn
2. fire watch/ clear garbage/ light lamps
3. enforce laws - 14 c. justices of the peace
- england. to assis the sheriff. executed warrents, served summons and secured prisoners
- theif takers
- england. private citizens paid by the kind for every criminal they arrested.
- beadles
- england. assited constibles. everyone was corrupt.
- hnery fielding
- laid framework for policing. crime report, bow street runners, checked 4 stolen property in pawn shops. established a civilian horse partorl in london
- Sir robert peel
- englands home secutary. lodon metroplitan poloice act. created first large scale, uniformed, organized, paid, civil police force. used a beat system
- 9 basic pinciples***
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1. prevent crime and disorder
2. depend upon public approval
3. willing cooperation in volentary observance (must obey law to keep publics respect)
4. use of fore up, public coperation down
5. absolute impartiality- no discrimination
6. force is last resort
7. usurp function of judiciary- ur not the judge
8. police are part of public
9. absence of crime and disorder to test police efficency**** - history
-
aggregate of past events
underst/identify
cj parctionsers need to understand their field - France:
- frankpledge
- british
- magna carta
- rattle watch
- ny. a group of men armed w/ rattles to warn of their presence
- new england
- no need for police because civilians were really religious
- pennsylvaina
- strong religious influence.
- virginia
- business venture. produced tobacco, depended on slave labor.
- slave patrols
- 1837, charleston, caught runaways and made sure they were being logy assisted in regulating their activities. later became the police force--roots of racism
- us nightwatch
- walking rounds stating time and weather conditions in a moderate tone
- appointment of federal marshalls
- 1789, first law enforcement postiontion in us. to support federal courts and carryout lawful orders from president/magistrate
- why philidelphia established a police force?
- steven Giraid left city large sum of money.
- why boston established a police force?
- assault of william lloyd garriosn and the road street riot led to police reforms
- why ny established police
- rivalries among 3 departments created need for unity
- allan pinkerton
- founded private police to protect railroads. known as pinkertons northwest police
- jim crow laws
- seperated the races
- black codes
- gave blacks no voice.
- civil rights act of 1866
- specified rights of citizens reguardless of race and allowed lawsuits against a person who deprived another of their civil rights
- 14th amendment
- equal protection under the law
- 15th amendment
- voting rights of blacks
- civil rights act of 1875
- outlawed exclusion of blacks from hotles, theaTRE, RAILROADS and other public accomidations
- plessy v. fergions
- seperate but equal is consitituional
- progressive moverment
- reformed courts, schools and urban insitutiions, destoryed the system of machine politics.
- internation association of chiefs of police
- helped detain criminals, civil service standards, adopting a police telegraphy
- lola greene baldwin
- americas first policewoman
- colonial america
- most important law enforcement offical was sheriff. citys=marshal
- first american city to have polcie
- boston
- texas rangers
- first state police
- state w/ out state police?
- hawaii
- boston police strike 1919
- didnt get paid enough, rioting and looting allmost immediatly. militia brought in, stirkers were fired. public lost respect for police
- prohibition
- volsted act--18th amendment. increased organized crime, repealled in 21st amendment
- august vollmer
- university training as part of police training. considered the father of modern american policing. created use of tests
- o.w. wilson
- one officer cars
- J. Edgar Hoover
- developed fbi academy, national crime information center (ncic) established ucr
- kefawer committe
- publcicized senate hearings, discovery of nationwide organzied crime network and its connection to law enforcement
- mapp v. ohio
- applied exclusionary rule to states.
- escabedo v. illinois
- right to consel at interrogation
- miranda v. arizona
- police notification of consitituional rights
- brown v. board of education
- desegregated schools
- wickersham commission****
- ***first national study of crminal justice. remove corrupint influence of politics. head of department should be selected for compitence. Height/weight requirements
- charateristics of us law enforcement:
- fragmented b/c there is no national police.
- federalism
- dual system of government.
- how many police agecies in the US
- there is no exact number because agencies are allways openining and closing
- largest police department in us today?
- NYPD
- sheriffs department
- generally operated by county governments. primary responsiblity for jail operations and court related duties
- specific police authority
- highway patrol,enviromental enforcement agencies, bureau ofr liquor control, fish and wildlife, state narcotics units
- general police authority
- state police, county police, municipal police, county sheriffs department, township/villages.
- state agencies respoisibilitys
- accident investigation, patrol/first response, narcoics/vice, homeland security, fingerpirnt, death investigation, property, ballistics
- special law enforcement agencies
- transit police, park districk, alcoholic beverage control, campus police.
- federal agencies
- approximatly 60. established under the necessary and proper clause. fragmented
- federal bureau of investigations
- department of justice. responsible for criminal investigation and the enforcemnt of more 200 federal crimes. protect us from terror attacks, protect civil rights, major white collar crime etc
- drug enforcement agency
- department of justice. investigate major narcotics violators, prevent and control drug traffiking
- the us marshal service
- department of justice. receving transporting and custordy of all federal agencies. oldest federal law enforcement agency
- the internal revenue service
- enforcing nations tax laws. money laundering.
- The bureeau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives
- maintains 4 national response teams. tresury department
- us postal inspection servcie
- founded by benjamin franklin. 200 federal statues realting to the postal service
- customs and border partorl
- detect and prevent sumggling, illegal immiagration. find contrabnd. nations 2nd oldest law enforcement agency 1789
- us secret service
- counterfieting, financial crimes, computer fraud. protect the president, vice president and their immediate familys
- private policing
- private detectives, hospital security, railraod police. generally have no more authority than private citizens.
- bowman v state
- private polie do not have to give miranda warnings b/c they were not involved in state action
- burdeau v. mcdowell
- constituion does not protect popel from arrests, searches and seizures conducted by private persons.
- charateristics of law enforcement
-
fragmented
no national police force
decentralized- law enforcemnet is generally a lcola problem - sworn v. not sworn
- sworn have taken an oath of office--authority to arrest/detain. not sworn-- no police powers
- department of homeland security
- coast guard, secret service, citizenship/immigration
- department of justice
- fbi, dea, atf and e, marshalls
- proprietary security
- employees of the company work security
- contractual security
- hires security guards from an outside agencie
- organization theory
- a body of reserach and practice that looks at organizational arrangements in a structuarl sence
- progressive reform
- hire and premote by merit, not by who you knew.
- max webber
- suggested that orgainzations represented the natural trend in society toward rationalization. essential aspect of organziation was hierachy represented by the emergence of buerocracy. clear lines of authority
- fredrick winslow taylor
- sceintific management theory- breaking down work into its smallest parts. wanted to link skill and productivity to pay. examined the way people worked and the way organization is sturctured.
- luther gulick
- effective communication is essential. small span of control for employes. unity of command should apply form the top to the bottom. you report to only one individual. dominance of an idea- set of values could dominate the mangaemtn of an organiztion and direct is activitys. structuring authority-use of hierarchy
- organization by product
- officers need to produce a result, such as drug arrests
- organziation by fucntion
- grouping employees together according to the major fucntions that they serve.
- goal displacement
- learn to focus on rules rather than service.
- trained incapacity
- learn what to do and what not to do
- human relations theory
- examined the impact of individuals and small groups on organziations. motivation/leadership
- contemperary management theory
-
systems theory- enviroment may affect agency
contingency theory-connot rely on any 1 partcular theory - problem oriented policing
- efforts are goranzied around a particular problem
- team policing
- teams are created based upon specific areas (geographic or problem)
- divison of labor
- personnel, area, time, fucntion/purpose
- span of control
- number of subordinate that an individual can effectvely superise. 6-10 for law enforcement
- ***delegation of authority
- delegates task not responsiblity.
- unity of command
- only report to one supervsior