History Chapter 9 2
Terms
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- Diocletian AD 284
- divided empire into 2 administrative halves. appointed co-emperor General Maximian of Rome. edict of prices that froze wages
- Constantine AD 312
- new capital in Byzantium. edict of Milan that said you could worship whoever you wanted but had to support Christianity.
- Theodius AD 337
- made Christianity official religion
- Bosporus Strait
- constantinople. mediterranean and Black Sea. good strategic location for trade
- Golden Horn Harbor
- in constantinople. natural protection from enemies. put chain across harbor to keep ships from coming in.
- Hippodrome
- attended chariot races. like circus maximus
- Constantinople as 'New Rome'
- language greek insted of Latin. new form of christianity...easter orthodox
- ygvuyg
- rd7rd
- Justinian
- ruled AD 527-565. came from Macedonia. became emperor at 44yrs. wanted to reconquer lost land. "the emperor who never sleeps". made beautiful palace to awe people. public baths, help, and entertainment
- Theodora
- actress wife of Justinian. extremely powerful and influential in politics. wanted to pass laws to make women more powerful and help
- Nika Rebellion
- riot of blue and green teams charioteers wanting justinian to free two rebels. didn't want to and began to flee but theodora convinced him to stay, saying that she would rater die as emperor than run as a coward. he stayed and fought to regain control.
- Procopius
- wrote The Secret History that was a book of gossip and mean cruel things to say about Justinian. published after death. in life, only good things to say of him.
- Belisarius
- general. AD 533 North Africa. little money but theodora supported him. sent to conquer North Africa.
- Justinians end
- rome changed hands 6 times. AD 554 justinian conquered most land and empire was at its largest size ever. thought as the next Caesar. after death empire suffered a great loss
- After Justinians death
- AD 600s Arabs invaded and threatened the Byzantine empire. no one else could keep role of emperor.
- Plague AD 542
- kept destroying. hit many times. justinian got it. theodora governed for him till he got better
- Byzantine religon
- followed Christianity
- Icons
- religous pictures. made of tile, paint, jewels, etc. icons helped people focus their thoughts on worship, not idolizing the people. they are symbols of god's presence in life
- Iconoclasts
-
image breakers
supported King Leo - Eastern Orthodox Christianity
- Greek. Patriarch is head of church. preists may marry. divorce is allowed in certain circumstances.
- Patriarch
- Archbishop of Constantinople. Christians. Much money was spent on churches and what they supported
- Byzantine emperors and Justinian
- played major roles in the church and used that power. justinian tried to unify empire and then persecuted Jews and non-orthodox christians
- Emperor Leo III AD 72
- supported icons. army supported his veiws.
- Excommunicate
- kicked out from the church. ticket to go to hell and suffer.
- Pope's involvment with the church
- tried to control the Byzantine. Council of Nicea AD 797 (orthodox church). allowed icons (no statues) that were 2D not 3D
- The Franks
- (french) wanted to create an allience with the church and defeat the Lumbards. Pepin the Short. pope gives the title of emperor to Romans
- Schism AD 1054
- split of the church. roman catholic- universal. orthodox- right belief
- Roman Catholicism
- latin. Pope has authority over bishops and king. preists may not marry, divorce, or have sex.
- Justinian's churches
- went on a church building spree so people would forget about the 30,000 people he killed..San Vitale in Ravenna. mosaics of Justinian and theodora
- Hagia Sophia
- AD 532-537. built by Justinian. rare and expensive materials. fourth largest in the world. means divine wisdom. "solomon i have outdone you" Pendatives. 10,000 workers. 1453- turned into a mosque by Ottomans. 1935- art museum by Turkish government. endangered landmark.
- The Byzantium Empire
- thought of themselves as Romans/Greeks. Latin language. constantinople did not conquer and was not successful at first. constantine renamed Byzantium into constantinople
- Eagle
- symbol of Jupiter and Byzantine empire. imperial character. symbol of roman empire. double headed eagle was symbol of double empire (E&W)
- Byzantine Art Eyes
- depending on your conscience, eyes send either a loving or hateful messege
- Thotokos
- mother of god
- Baby Jesus (art)
- small body like child but face of an adult. sybolizes his awareness. halo around mary and halo with cross around jesus. carries scroll in hand or sign of blessing
- Triptych
- 3-hinged folding panals decorated with religous images used as an alter peice
- Coins
- most valued made of gold, lower value, bronze. the more perfectly stamped, the more valuable
- Greek fire
- liquid fire at sea to destroy ships. chemical warefare. shot out of funnels that would burst into flames and could even burn underwater
- The Dark Ages
- farming and herding. heavy taxes. i million people. Patriarchy- women were secluded but had some rights
- Silk
- AD 550 monks stole silkworm eggs from China to bring back and make silk and sell for profit
- University of Constantinople
- AD 850 first college and taught math, science, literature, art, music, language.
- Illuminated manuscripts
- beautiflly decorated books with drawings on pages and stuff
- Corpus Juris Civilis
- ody of civil law. Justinians code. 5,000 roman laws. 50 volumes of legal oppinions. textbook that taught students how to use the code. laws had to do with crimes, marriage, farming, etc.
- Byzantine Civilization
- Autocratic. spying, bribery, political marriages, millitary innovation
- Byzantine Millitary Innovation
- well trained infantry and cavalry. skilled engineering core. millitary manuals and academies. new protective armor (sword, javeline, greek fire)
- Orthodox Christian Monks
- made new centers of learning for students and church members
- St. Methodius and St. Cyril
- made Slavic alphabet so Slavs could read religion in their own language. called Cyrillic 33 letters
- The decline of the Byzantine
- Plague, Lombards 6th century (took over Italy), Slavs moved into the balkans, persians AD 626 (were at the walls of constantinople but they resisted the attack), Arabs 674-717, Russians 860-1043, Normans 1071
- Why did everyone want Constantinople?
- prime location and good trade
- Seljuk Turks
- Battle of Manzikert 1071 begins the crusades
- Pope Innocent III AD 1204
- called the 4th crusades. on their way through constantinople they burned and destroyed everything so badly the pope had to publicly condemn them for destroying churches and pricless arrtifacts
- Latin empire AD 1261
- plague continued but so did fighting which weakened the empire
- Decline of the Byzantine 1300s
- parts of greece. constantinople
- Decline of the Byzantine 1453
- Ottoman Turks used cannons to break through the walls. Mehmet II the conquerer renamed capital Istanbul. constantine XI. turning point in history.
- The Eastern Slavs
- barbarians began trading with Byzantium (Slavs)- cultural diffusion- Russia grew out of blending the two.
- Slavs enviroment
- Ural Mountains. Rivers- Dnieper, Don, Volga. lived in small riverside villages. Baltic Sea
- Rurik AD 860
- Viking Varangians. founden Novgorod (Russias first important city)
- The Primary Chronicle
- Rus-Russia
- Prince Oleg AD 889
- Supported Kiev. Grand Prince.
- Principality
- kingdom ruled by a prince. all others had to pay tribute to king
- Boyars
- advised grand prince. council of nobles
- veche
- meeting place for politics, war, and laws. like greet agora
- Princess Olga 957
- before worshipped nature spirits and were polytheistic. brought in Christianity.
- Vladimir I 989
- grandson to Olga. wanted to investigate what other places were worshipping. ordered mass baptism so everyone could be orthodox christianity. Byzantium collaborated. political marriges.
- When Vladimir ordered searches of faith what did he find?
- Didn't like that Islamic couldn't drink alchohol or eat pork. No Judism b/c Romans killed christians. Roman Catholic were too poor and pope claimed too much authority. Loved orthodox b/c of hagia Sophia
- Yaroslav the Wise 1019-1054
- made law code like Justinians (Yaroslavs code). built first library. encouraged education. building of new and beautiful churches.
- Yaroslav's dome
- copied dome from Byzantium but their is more pointy and peaked and small so snow could easily slide off
- Metropolitan
- The bishop if Kiev was elected after the schism. icon painting was popular. learned to write Cyrillic. Onion domes.
- What were three things that led to the decline of Kiev?
- death of Yaroslav. Fourth Crusades. Mongols.
- Death of Yaroslav 1054
- wanted to divide his realm b/w all his sons, not just the oldest. for the next years, they tore it apart fighting over land.
- Fourth Crusades and how they effected Kiev
- Sacked the city and Latin rule enters constantinople which effects Kiev through trade
- Mongols
- Genghiz Khan- most powerful warrior who united the tribes. Batu Khan- continued the conquests. 1240 sack of Kiev- so many people were slaughtered. The Tatar Yoke. Khanate of the Golden Horde.
- durring the Tatar Yoke, how did the Mongols unintentionly help russia?
- united russia and treated all the same
- durring the tatar Yoke what happened to the church?
- preists told them mongols were atacking b/c they were sinful. religion prospered and so did the russian orthodox church
- durring the tatar Yoke hat did the Monols do?
- imposed taxes. serfs bound to the land. decline of women. fashoined them selves after the mongols. autocratic and harsh. isolation from the west.
- battle of the Neva River 1240
- Alexander Nevsky beat Swedes and Germans.
- battle of the ice 1242
- The teutonic knights. 1547 nevsky became a saint
- Muscovy
- originally what Moscow is not. daniel. 1156. walled fortress called Kremlin.
- Ivan I
-
moneybags
tax collector
1328 used metropolitan to enlarge territory
defeated Golden Horde 1380 at battle of Kolikokko - Ivan III
-
Grand Duke 1462
married princess sophia 1472
taken all mongols empire and 1480 refused tribute.
took Novorod
Tsar
'third rome' moscow
took on double eagle symbol