Hnrs 240 Unit Three
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- The Whig Party was made up of former Federalists and former Republicans who...
- advocated economic development
- What were the forces of division in the Republican party in the 1820s?
- tensions from industrialization, rise of cotton south, westward expansion
- What happened to the American political system during the antebellum period?
- written ballots, don't need property to vote, appointed officers become elected
- Reformers of the antebellum period were...
- sectionalized; influneced by religion and area
- Martin Van Buren's political machine in New York was known as
- Albany Regency
- What did the presidential election of 1828 demonstrate?
- people wanted a common man over a scholar
- removing officeholders of the rival political party and replacing them with memebers of your own party is called the...
- spoils system
- Why did President Jackson veto the Maysville Road Bill?
- he believed that federal support for internal improvements was unconstitutional
- what section of the country tended to oppose tariffs
- South--they feared counter-tariffs against their exported goods
- The theory that the Union is a compact among the states and that a state has the right to override a federal law is known as...
- Virginia & Kentucky Resolution of 1798 and 1799
- The South Carolina Exposition and Protest was drawn up in opposition to...
- 1828 tariff/ Tariff of Abominations
- The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to
- use arms to collect customs duties in South Carolina
- the tariff controversy of the early 1830s showed that
- there were sectional conflicts; the north and South difference between imports and exports
- What were the reasons why Andrew Jackson vetoed the rechartering of the Bank of the United States?
- he distrusted banks in general, this bank was above politics, it was in the hands of moneyed capitalists
- The term "pet banks" was applied to
- banks entrusted with the deposit of federal funds (state banks used for federal revenue)
- What did President Jackson do in his "war" on the Bank of the United States?
- he signed the deposit act, put federal deposits in state banks
- The difference between "hard money" and "soft money" is:
- hard money=specie, soft money=paper
- Who was the main opposition to Andrew Jackson during his second term in office?
- Whig party
- Which of the following groups would not have supported the Whig party during the Jacksonian era?
- Irish
- The Specie Circular
- only specie was accepted as payment
- What contributed to the depression of 1837?
- growing # of banks, Banks suspend specie payments, hyper-inflation, Jackson's Specie Circular, Britain halts the flow of specie to US
- In the late 1830's and early 1840's, what group believed that the end of the world was imminent?
- Miller and his followers
- Which political party had become the anti-bank, hard-money party by 1840?
- Democrats
- What was the purpose of the Independent Treasury advocated by President Van Buren?
- put all federal funds in a seperate, independent bank
- Why did President Martin Van Buren lose the presidential election of 1840?
- while Whigs rallied for support, he just quietly wrote letters
- What was the main cause of the great increase in the popular vote etween the 1836 and 1840 presidential elections?
- more people chose to vote
- The period of revivalism that swept the nation in the early years of the nineteenth century is known as:
- The Second Great Awakening
- the belief that people can live without sin was called
- perfectionism
- Which sect believed that Jesus was not divine but merely an exemplary human being?
- Unitarianism
- Why can Mormonism be described as "pushing against the currents of American reliegion and society"?
- it contested the sole authority of the Bible
- What was a noteworthy tenet of the Shakers?
- thought that Jesus would reappear as a woman; got their name from some weird dance they did
- What was a reform movement of the Age of Jackson?
- temperance, abolitionism
- Why did temperance reformers make one of their main targets the moderate drinkers among the laboring classes?
- factories demanded increasing levels of discipline, so they were drinking less anyway
- The goals of the school reform movement in the Age of Jackson were:
- to spread universal cultural values and combat ignorance
- Who was the most famous and controversial white abolitionist?
- William Lloyd Garrison
- What did most white abolitionists want?
- legal (NOT civil and social) racial equality
- The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments called for:
- equality between men and women
- What was one of the major reasons for the changing attitude toward poverty, crime, and insanity in the early nineteenth century?
- belief that the right combination of morals will cure bad habits
- What were the major utopian communities?
- Brookfarm, Fruitlands, Hopedale, New Harmony, Oneida
- Most founders of Utopian communities believed that
- humans were perfectable
- How did Oneida compared with the other utopian communities of the antebellum era?
- Oneida is more moderate
- What was a feature of the Oneida?
- permits sin, economic reforms, utopian community
- The 1840s and 1850s were characterized by
- heightened literary and artistic (NOT advanced medical knowledge!!!)
- What antebellum innovations helped transform American life?
- mechanical reaper, sewing machine, interchangeable parts
- Before the Civil War, European and American railroads differed in that:
- American railroads were faster and did not have class compartments
- What is usually considered the first "big business" in the United States?
- railroads
- how was the building of railroads in the US financed?
- At first, state money paid for it, but later on, they sold securities on the New York Stock Exchange
- What impact did technological changes have on the American worker before the Civil War?
- more goods are affordable; increase in wages
- How did the standard of living in an antebellum urban family differ from that of a rural family?
- marginally better; middle class gets wealthier, poorer class gets poorer
- An urban middle-class home in the 1850s would have had:
- several stories, coal-burning stove, communal water supply
- What kind of urban housing developed during the early nineteenth century?
- row houses
- What were the results of rising land values in the early nineteenth-century American city?
- more people rented instead of buying
- how did home furniture change during the antebellum period?
- technology made it possible for middle-class to have ornate furniture
- What advance in heating and cooking occurred in antebellum America?
- stoves
- In the decades before the Civil War, what changes took place to influence the diet of the average urban dweller?
- railroads brought veggies--a few even had *iceboxes*! (gasp!)
- What medical development greatly advanced the image of surgeons and the success of health care in the decades before the Civil War?
- anasthesia
- What were popular health movements in antebellum America?
- hydropathy, dietary changes, phrenology
- Who was Sylvester Graham
- dude who was all like "Be healthy, dudes"!
- The belief that bumps on the skull reveal an individuals personality is called:
- phrenology
- Phrenology was popular in antebellum America for all of the following reasons:
- it was a "practical" science, promised a quick assessment of others, easily understood and practiced
- What was one of the changes that transformed American newspapers?
- lowered costs of production and sale; cheaper paper
- An American publisher who helped to transform newspapers and create the modern concept of news and news reporting was
- James Gordon Bennett and Horace Greeley
- Novels were very popular among American women in the antebellum period for what reasons?
- sentimental, subversive (challenging male authority) message that women could overcome
- A typical antebellum theatre:
- was large and crowded, had cheap seats, lots of prostitutes, rowdy audiences
- Who was the most popular dramatist in antebellum America?
- Will Shakespeare
- How did the popular minstrel show help to shape public perceptions of blacks during the antebellum period?
- forged stereotypes of white supremacy by diminishing blacks
- Why was PT Barnum a phenomenal success?
- he tapped public desire for natural wonders; people's curiosity
- What did the transcendentals believe?
- God and Freedom are innate, knowledge is instant, nature is benign
- What was the subject of Emerson's "The American Scholar"?
- the individual & philosophy
- Which writer introduced into fiction the American frontiersman and the theme of conflict detween civilization and primitive life in the wilderness
- James Fenimore Cooper
- Who defended the right to disobey unjust laws?
- Henry David Thoreau
- hOW DID THE WRITINGS OF Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman differ from those of hawthorne, Poe, and Melville?
- they wrote about ordinary things
- during the antebellum period, American painters liked to paint:
- scenery
- Samuel Colt:
- invented the revolving pistol
- What were the goals of the hudson River school of painters?
- emphasize emotional effect through scenery
- Compared with the North, the Old South had a higher:
- murder rate
- What crops were associated with the old south?
- sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, rice
- Why did cotton become king in the South
- growing British textile industry, Indian removal, shrinking tobacco market
- Which of the following accurately describes the Upper and Lower South?
- lower south: cash crops; Upper South: veggies
- ONE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH WERE DIFFERENT WAS
- ALL OF THE ABOVE
- Factories developed slowly in the South for what reasons?
- slavery, money (capital), benefits thought to be remote and doubtful
- Southern education lagged behind northern education because:
- Southerners rejected compulsory education and were reluctant to tax property
- By 1860 what percentage of white southerners owned slaves?
- 25%
- WHAT WAS THE LARBEST GROUP OF SOUTHERN WHITES IN THE ANTEBELLUM PERIOD
- YEOMEN/FAMILY FARMERS
- How many slaves would half of all slaveowning families have owned
- less than five
- life for most plantation mistresses was marked by
- hard work
- the typical southern yeoman hoped for:
- self-sufficiency w/modest profit
- What were the characteristics of the white folk of the pine barrens
- sometimes squatted on land, did not raise cash crops, lived in crude cabins, self-sufficient, fiercely independent
- Describe antebellum southern politics
- plantation owners dominated, did not always get their way
- Why did nonslaveholding southerners support slave system
- seperated the races socially & legally
- The proslavery argument:
- it was a positive good, rather than a necessary evil, biblical justification, ancient & classical institution
- What shaped relations among whites in the Old South?
- religion, code of Honor
- One of the few groups in the Old South to speak against the duelin, brawling, and drinking of southern society was:
- Protestant/ Evangelical churches & Ministers
- How had the American slave population changed by about 1830?
- slaves as likely to be male as female, born to USA
- A west African cultural hallmark:
- broad kinship
- Why were some slaves allowed to work in towns or cities?
- shortage in white labor
- where did over half of all free blacks in the Lower South live?
- urban
- What profession was open to free blacks in the Old South
- carpenters, coopers, barbers, small traders
- why did the growth rate of the free black population in the South slow after 1810?
- fewer masters freed their slaves
- Which of following was a common form of slave resistance:
- theft, carelessness, fake illness, refusal to work, arson, poisoning
- What was the pattern followed by most runaway slaves:
- visit spouses or avoid punishment
- first prerequisite for slave culture:
- common language
- Southern ecangelical churches generally preached against all of the following activities
- slavery
- What were the most interracial instirutions in old south
- churches
- In 1860 what groups accounted for 3/4 of all foreign-born American
- irish, german
- Where did German and Irish immigrants tend to sttle in the United
- large urban places
- How did Irish and German immigrants of the 1840s differ from each?
- Irish: poor, Catholic; Germans: isolated
- In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, Supreme Court ruled that
- labor unions were not monopolies that restricted trade
- In the 1820s and 1830s what kind of relationship did Americans have with the people and lands of the Far West
- links via St. Louis & Santa Fe
- Presidios were
- forts constructed by Spaniards in the Southwest
- What was the cause of the increasingly tense relations between the Mexican government and the American residents in Texas after 1830?
- slavery disputes
- The Whig political program in 1840 included
- replacing Independant Treasury revised tariff
- Why was John Tyler's ascendary to the presidency a disaster for the Whig party?
- favored democratic policy and shredded party goaled
- The senate rejected the treaty annexing Texas drawn up by Secretary of State Calhoun because
- it allowed for and protected slavery
- Why did James K. Polk win the presidency of 1844?
- he convinced Northerners of the benefits of annexing Texas; immigrants vote, fickle Whig position
- What were the background causes of the Mexican-American War:
- failure to pay debt, memories of the Alamo, issues of Texas
- What did Polk want from Mexico in 1845
- recognition of Texas, New Mexico, California
- In the US opposition to the Mex-Am war included all of the following reasons except that:
- army outnumbered
- In the MexAm the US was victorious virtually all its encounters with Mex forces for all the reasons except:
- sheer numbers
- What were the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
- ceded texas, n.m., and california
- What military leader in the Mexam war becam a national hero?
- Robert e. Lee
- The Wilmot Proviso was a:
- proposed amendment to ban slavery in all territories purchased by negotiation
- Why did Calhoun believe that the gov't had no power to prohibit slavery in Mexican Cession?
- slaveholders had a right to take slaves with them
- Why did the wigs think Zach Taylor was an ideal candidate for prezz?
- slaveholder, without regard to creed or principles
- What groups formed the 1848 free-soil party to nominate Van Buren for prezz?
- pro wilmot-democrats, abolitionist "Liberty Party", "Conscience" Whigs
- population of gold rush san fran was:
- diverse
- The issues of Compromise of 1850 included all of the following except
- Dred Scott case
- one of zach taylor's views was that it
- should be left to the states
- what was the cornerstone of southern slavery defense?
- nothing in Const. to forbid it
- WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT THE COMPROMISE IS CORRECT?
- ITS PASSAGE WAS AIDED...
- The failure of the Compromise of 1850 to bridge underlying slavery differences could be seen in the fact that:
- only shifting alliances among moderates achieved its passage
- Henry Clay's Omnibus bill's provisions:
- admission of Cali as a free state, division of NM, Utah, settlement of Tex/NM border dispute, better fug. law, abolition of slave TRADE in D.C., gov't assumes debt of texas
- In the pres. elec. of 1852:
- dismantled Whig party, centered around popular sovereignty
- which of the following is one of the reasons that the whig party began to disintegrate and decline in the 1850s?
- disputes over fugitive slave law
- Douglas's motives in sponsoring the Kansas-Nebraska act included:
- Pacific railroad: unite Demo. factions
- What were the features of the Kansas-Neb. act?
- dicide territories into North & South states, barely passed in House, nullified Missouri Compromise
- what were the free soil posistions on slavery?
- slavery impeded white progress, free labor would disentegrate, domino theory, Southern conspiracy
- What was the Gadsden purchase?
- purchase of southern tip of Arizona
- Ostend Manifesto pertained to
- acquisition of Cuba
- The Know-Nothin party declined rapidly for all the following reasons except that:
- the policy's open policy for membership & public meeting
- What groups created the new Repub. party?
- know-nothings, northern demos, whigs
- main issue unifying otherwise diverse new repub party:
- slavery
- James Buch. position on slavery
- wrong, but did nothing
- 1856 election result:
- know-nothings unite under repub. banner
- DRED SCOTT CASE DECLARED THAT CONGRESS COULD NOT
- BAR SLAVERY IN TERRITORIES
- Republican party position in election of 1860:
- economic platform; anti-slavery
- 1860 Repub. Econ platform:
- support for tariff, federal aid for internal improvements, grants to settlers
- Elements of John Crittendon's Compromise:
- compensation for owners of runaway slaves, repeal of personal liberty laws, restore missouri compromise line, amendment to protect southern slavery
- IN FIRST TWO MONTHS OF PRESIDENCY:
- LINCOLN ASKED FOR 75000 MILITIAMEN
- "New Light Stir" provided ground for:
- free-will baptists, shakers, universalists
- Thomas Campbell
- Ulster minister who emigrated to Pennsylvania; identified with Baptist cause
- Goals of the "Campbellites"/Disciples of Christ:
- return to primitive, N.T. church, avoid all the many denominations
- Ellen Gould White founded which modern religions:
- Adventists, 7th-day Baptists