History Test for Friday October 21st
Terms
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- Old Kingdom- dates
- 2700-2200 BC
- Founding of old kingdom
-
people migrated from the Mediterranean area
a powerful civilization emerged due to their control of the plentiful nile
upper and lower egypt united - Middle Kingdom- dates
- 2050-1800 BC
- Middle Kingdom founding
- new pharaohs united the land after a century of disunity
- New Kingdom- dates
- 1550-1100 BC
- New Kingdom founding
- after being occupied by the Hyksos, new leaders emerged and drove invaders out of Egypt.
- pyramids were invented in what kingdom?
- The old Kingdom
- describe the pyramids.
- in Giza, tombs, were very costly and strenuous work.
- in what kingdom was the Nile acting less predictable?
- the Middle Kingdom
- 1st peace treaty:
- in the New Kingdom, by the Egyptians and the Hittites
- Amon-Re
-
the sun god
the chief god - Osiris- ruler of the
- underworld, and god of the Nile
- the book of the dead
- contained spells, charms, and formulas to use in the afterlife.
- Afterlife Test:
- weigh the dead person's heart against the feather of truth
- egyptian hierarchy
-
1. pharaoh
2. high priests/priestesses
3. nobles
4. merchants, scribes, and artisans - what was the chronological order of writing styles?
-
hieroglyphics
ideograms
demotic - egyptian learning
-
written language
advances in medicine and science (mummification, geometry, astronomy, calendars) - egyptian arts and literature
-
statues
wall-paintings
carvings
buildings
folk tales
hymns and prayers
proverbs
love poems - explain how egypt wouldn't exist without the Nile.
-
the nile gave them
water
soil/silt
trade route
allowed civilization to develop
wholly dependant on the nile - the pharaoh was believed to be a
- god
- power of the egyptian government was passed down through
- dynasties
- the Great Pyramid at Giza was built where and when?
- 10 miles south of modern-day Cairo, built c. 2550 (old kingdom)
- the Great pyramid was built for...
- King Khufu (Cheops)
- the great pyramid was built by...
- conscript labor and permanent workers
- how was astronomy related to the building of the great pyramid?
- a vent from the burial chamber was aligned with the stars to creat a route to heaven, for the king to join the "indestructibles"
- what tools did masons use to shape and place the stone?
- set squares, plumb-bobs, and a-frames
- what was found in the great pyramid?
- three burial chambers, 1 dug into the solid rock below the pyramid
- first pyramid:
- "stone steps" at saqqara, six giant steps of stone
- an example of how organized and centralized egypt was at the time of the old kingdom:
- the work on the pyramids (gathering the materials, the workers, feeding and housing the workers)
- why were pyramids constructed in the shape they are?
- because the first bit of dry land was the shape of a pyramid.
- when did the first sumerian cities emerge?
- around 3200 BC.
- sumerian city-states often battled for...
- land and water
- sumerian's saw the underworld as...
- a grim place
- the earliest form of writing
- cuneiform
- when did Hammurabi bring much of mesopotamia under his control?
- 1790 BC
- the Code of Hammurabi
- carved nearly 300 laws into a stone pillar
- the code of hammurabi- crime and punishment
- an eye for an eye
- amelu
- government, military and priests
- mushkinu
- artisans, merchants, scribes (skilled trade, or average people)
- wardu
- slaves
- order of the mesopotamian empires hierarchy
-
amelu
mushkinu
wardu - Achievements of the Old Kingdom
- Giza pyramids
- Decline of the Old Kingdom
-
power struggles
crop failures
the cost of the pyramids
drought - Middle Kingdom Government
-
new pharaohs reunited land
strong rulers organized projects
same as old kingdom, corruption common, lots of discord - Achievements of middle kingdom
-
a large drainage project
vast new stretches of formable land
trade networks expanded - Decline of middle kingdom
-
new egyptian leaders arose
- they drobe out the Hyksos
- set up the new kingdom - new kingdom government
-
monarch hatshepsut
ramses 2 - new kingdom achievements
-
battle against the hittites of asia minor
peace treaty between the egyptians and the hittites
greater contact with other communities - decline or new kingdom
-
after ramses 2, egyptian power slowly declined
enemies conquered egypt and added the nile region to their empire