PRAXIS 2 SS, 0014

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Praxis II 0014 social studies

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Mussolini: described his rule as Totalitarian, a 20 century form of dictatorship in which the regime, using modern
North Africa: The Islamic states of North Africa became free during the 1950's and the 1960's.
Technology: the latest advances in technology use light instead of waves to transmit information. Glass fiber optic
Removal act of 1830: an act to provide for an exchange of lands with lands further west; the Indians were forced to
Mesopotamia: means between two rivers: Tigris and Euphrates. These rivers meet in southern Iraq.
Judicial Branch: The judicial branch decides what the laws mean. For example: The law, don't litter implies on trash being thrown outside. But it does not consider throwing away a bitten piece of food.
1965: voting rights to blacks
Political map: identifies continents and countries according to their political ideals.
1954 - 1975: Vietnam War
China: The people's republic of China is the largest communist population in the world.
Emperors: he male ruler of the Japanese empire.
Central America: the southern most part of the North American continent, lying between Mexico and South
Desertification: the transformation of arable, or habitable, land into desert, as by a change in climate, or by
5 Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic and Antarctic (Southern). The largest is the Pacific.
Trade relationships:: Canada - largest trading partner with the United States. 20% of all U.S. international trade.
Ice cap: a region which is covered by perennial ice and snow; a large glacier forming on an extensive area of
Organization of African Unity: The Organization of African Unity was established in 1963. Originally 32
Senate: term-6 years, number of members-100, requirements- must be 30 and a U.S. citizen for 4 years, leaders- Vice President, duties- represent each state.
Socialism: an economic theory advocating collective ownership of factories, mines and other businesses
India: has become the world's largest democracy and also a nuclear power.
1803: Louisiana Purchase
World War II: 1939 - 1945: Truly a global war which was waged over 2/3 of the entire planet; every continent except Antarctica and South
Pakistan: has become a modern Islamic republic and a major regional power, having nuclear bomb capabilities. It is
Theocracy: a political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)
Invention of writing:: Western writing first developed here in 3500 B.C. Writing was done with sticks on clay
1781: Cornwallis surrenders
1963: Martin Luther King's speech
1904 - 1914: Panama Canal connects Atlantic with the Pacific ocean
Shintoism: Shinto means the way of the gods and was the traditional religion of Japan.
North America: third largest continent, comprising Mexico, the United States, Canada and Central America:
Rousseau: an 18 century French philosopher who believed that in the state of nature, people are good but that they
Supreme Court: the highest federal court in the United States
7 continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America. The largest is Asia.
House of Representatives: must be 25, 7 years of citizenship, 2 year term, 435 members, speaker of the house, no limit on terms
Adolph Hitler: rose to power in the 1930's promising the suffering German people to make their
Sri Lanka: is a republic.
The baby boom: Anyone born between 1946 and 1964, roughly.
1777: Articles of Confederation
A global economy:: The international spread of Capitalism in recent decades across national boundaries and with minimal restrictions by
Vasco da Gama: the first European to reach India by sea sailing around the tip of Africa.
1861: Civil War begins at Fort Sumter
Renewable resource: any resource, such as wood, wind, water or solar energy, that can or will be replenished
McCarthyism: became a synonym for public charges of disloyalty without sufficient regard for evidence.
1523 - 1524: Verrazano establishes a French claim in North America
Major Mountain ranges: Asia: Himalaya - largest mountain range on earth, Mt. Everest is its highest peak (29,035 feet), Karakoram and
Aerial photograph: a photograph of an area on earth taken from an aircraft flying overhead.
1769: Boone explores Kentucky
Imperialism: when a country extends its power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by
Trail of Tears: The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Mexico: Mexico's northern border is the United States, to the west, the Pacific Ocean and to the east, the Gulf of
First World War: 1914-1918 In the late 19 century, rivalry between different nations in Europe increased. They competed with each other for
Uzbekistan: has a republic, authoritarian presidential rule.
1850: Fugitive Slave Act
Boston Massacre-March 5, 1770: conflict between colonists and British soldiers in which four colonists were killed
Benjamin Franklin: printer whose success as an author led him to take up politics
Natural resources:: A natural resource is anything in the environment that is used by people.
Africa: - with 56 countries, the second-largest continent (after Asia), located south of Europe and bordered to the
1775: Quakers establish first anti-slavery group
Political parties: organization that tries to influence gov. policy by promoting its ideas and backing candidates for office
Robinson map: a useful overall picture of the world; keeps correct size and shape of most continents and oceans,
Communism: An economic and social system envisioned by the 19th century German scholar, Karl MarxIn theory, all means of production are owned in common, rather than by individuals..
Rise of Fascism in Japan: During the 1930's, increased imperial aggression by Europe and America and the effects of the Great Depression
Desert: a large, dry, barren region.
Colonial women: many chores, took care of children, spun thread or yarn, sewed cloth into clothes, prepared and
1914 - 1918: World War I
Hinduism: ancient India's first great religion. No unified systems of beliefs or ideas. There's only one supreme God
Seas: are large bodies of salt water; smaller than oceans.
Renaissance: Renaissance means "rebirth" or "reawakening",in the early 1300's, a cultural and intellectual revival began in parts of southern Europe, especially
Feudalism: a system of obligations that bound lords and their subjects in Europe during much of the Middle Ages.
Thomas Jefferson: American political philosopher, expressed negative opinions about African Americans and
Islam: means peace and submission. There is one God, Allah, and Mohammad is his prophet. People called
1863: Emancipation Proclamation
Discrimination: to show favor or disfavor unjustly often based on prejudice and/or bias for or against a person or group of persons.
Civil Rights movement: movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
Iroquois: Sometime in the 1500's, 5 different Northeastern Indian tribes united, later 1 more(living in the
Hinduism: religion of India that emphasizes freedom from the material world thru
Declaration of Independence: the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
1950 - 1953: Korean war
Buddhism: A religion, founded by Buddha, that believes that the answer to human suffering lay not in worshipping
1975: Vietnam war ends
Affirmative action: a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Paleolithic: the name given to the Old Stone Age and the time period where most of human pre-history took place.
Earthquakes create mountain ranges:: Mountain ranges are thought to form from tectonic plates colliding together and pushing the surface of the Earth
Plateau: a large, flat area that rises above the surrounding land; at least one side has a steep slope.
abolition: the act of abolishing a system or practice or institution (especially abolishing slavery)
Henry David Thoreau: Author of Walden who practiced ideas of transcendentalism.
Dispersed settlements: occur in rural areas; the amount of land between each of the dwellings depends on the
1803: Marbury v. Madison establishes judicial review
1840: Manifest Destiny
Industrial Revolution: During the end of the 1700's and first half of the 1800's, mass production of goods, goods made using machine
Eli Whitney,: an American inventor, pioneered interchangeable parts and invented the cotton gin to clean raw
United States: a Constitution-based Federal Republic with a strong democratic tradition.
Slavery: a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services
Articles of Confederation: a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states
House of Burgesses: allowed white male property owners to vote.
History beginning: The beginning of history can be traced back before the first human beings appeared about 3 billion years ago.
Confucianism: 500 BC, a scholar named Confucius taught a system of "right behavior" which has influenced
John Brown: abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)
Behavioralism: a theory that psychology is essentially a study of external human behavior rather than internal consciousness and desires.
Russian Revolution: During World War I, Russia was allied with France and Britain. The Russian armies suffered defeats on the
1789: First President of U.S., George Washington
Shoguns: For 700 years, Japan was under the rule of the Japanese military leaders known as shoguns.
Forest: - a large, thick growth of trees and underbrush.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization - an international organization, formed in 1949, which includes the
1865: Amendments 13 passed to protect African Americans
1857: Dred Scott decision
South Central Asia: - countries include: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, Iran, Bangladesh, Kyrgystan, Pakistan,
Latin America: Spanish or Portuguese-speaking nations south of the U.S.
Longitude: a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance east or west of the prime meridian. The prime
Nagasaki: site of 2nd Atomic Bomb, killing 40,000+ Japanese citizens
James Watt,: a Scottish mechanic, developed the first cost-effective steam engine that changed the textile and coal mining
Melting Pot: a term expressing the view that immigrants to the United States have been fused or melted into a
John D. Rockefeller: Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.
Sparta: Best Army, economy based on slave workers, no democracy, sports encouraged for both boys and girls, boys
Japan: after WWII, Japan became a powerhouse unexpectedly.
Enlightenment: an intellectual movement of the 17 and 18 centuries marked by a celebration of the
1820: Democratic party arose
Vladimir Lenin: In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the provisional governmentFrom 1921 until his death in 1924, Lenin tried to modernize the Soviet Union along Marxist lines..
Renaissance man: outstandingly versatile, well-rounded person.
the Townsend Acts: a tax on glass, paper, lead, and tea.
Marbury v. Madison: supreme court case was the concept of judicial review
Feudalism: was the way of life that governed Medieval Europe for hundreds of years during the 9th century.
Technological capabilities: - brick makers fired bricks in kilns to produce building materials for structures that were
The Seven Years War: 1756 - 1763 it is also called the French and Indian War which is confusing because the
Mercator map projection: accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses.
Cro-Magnons: similar bone structure to us today. Probably our direct ancestors.
Roman Mythology: The Romans believed in many of the Gods the Greeks did but gave them Latin names.
The American Revolution 1775-1783: There were several causes for the American Revolution: a growing sense of patriotism and national identity,
Continents: are great divisions of land on the globe; the large part of the surface of the earth that rises above sea
Radioactive materials' effects on the environment:: In 1986, an explosion in a nuclear power station in Chernobyl, Ukraine, was the worst nuclear accident ever. Large
Incas: 1300's - 1536 They built a huge empire in the Andes which grew to include 3,000 miles from north to
North Korea: After WWII, the Soviets and Americans divided Korea into North Korea and South Korea.
Weather: the short-term state of the atmosphere at any particular time and place. Weather involves temperature, air
1954: Desegregation, Brown v. Board of Ed
Berlin Wall: After WWII, U.S., France and Britain formed the German Federal Republic (Western Germany) and the USSR
Major Seas: Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, Arabian, Black, Red, East China, South China, Caribbean, Bering, Gulf of
Multiculturalism: various cultures in a society merit equal respect and scholarly interest.
King George: he felt that the colonists should help pay the debt from the seven year war and began passing taxation
Weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation: There were no separation of powers; the central government was too weak.
Spanish-American War: 1898 war between Spain and U.S.
Taoism: a religion native to China, its adherents attempt to live according to the Tao - the "way" which
Frederick Douglass: United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895)
Democracy: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Satellites: in order to send radio signals around the Earth, scientists developed communications satellites.
Marco Polo: -famous voyage to China in the late 1200's.
William Penn: wanted to live in peace with the Indians, so rather than stealing their land, he offered to pay a fair
1609: Hudson discovers Hudson river, NY, CT, NJ, and Delaware.
Military expertise:: soldiers fought mainly on foot, some rode in chariots drawn by wild donkeys.
Sugar Act of 1764: The seven years war ran a huge debt for England who felt the colonists should help pay so the English parliament
The Battle of Concord: is referred to as "the shot heard round the world" because colonial farmers just repelled the army of
Grassland: a large area of land covered with grasses.
Linear settlements: tend to follow roads and river valleys which allows easy communication, and flat lands which
Environmentalism: An ideology that is dominated by concern for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, and feminism.
Space travel:: the race to space started during the cold war when USSR and the US competed with each other to put
Nazism in Germany: The Nazi regime began to act against the Jews because they considered them the "undesirables".
Harriet Beecher Stowe: United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)
Sub-Saharan Africa: Africa south of the Sarah desert, the countries not part of North Africa. Also known as Black
Ozone-layer depletion: the ozone "hole" is a periodic depletion of the ozone layer that occurs over Antarctica in the
Harriet Tubman: United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)
Summer Solstice: occurs in the Northern Hemisphere on June 21 or 22. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly
1920's: Harlem Renaissance, Prohibition, 19th amendment - women can vote
Rise of communism: In 1920 there were 23 governments in Europe that could be considered democratic and by 1939, right before WWII,
1492: Columbus hits island off coast of North America.
Afghanistan: was an Islamic oligarchy, but had its first democratic elections in 2004, after the defeat of the Taliban
Capitalism: an economic system based on open competition in a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit
Aztecs: North America / Mexico. 1300 - 1520 They had two main cities, Tenochtitlan (Mexico city today) and Tlatelco. These two cities had a population of half
Fascism: a system of government that flourished in GerBoth communism and fascism are forms of Totalitarianism; fascism doesn't demand state ownership of many and Italy, from the 1920's to the end of WWII.
Alexander the Great:: King of Macedonia,Alexander the Great joined to help defeat the Persians that Athens and Sparta had been fighting together 490 - 479.
Ecosystems: An ecosystem is a collection of living things and the environment in which they live.
John Adams: America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."
Ethnicity: an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties
Christianity: - Christians believe that there is one God and Jesus Christ was his son, a prophet. Jesus is called Christ
Caste system: a division in society into groups of higher power and lower power socially.
Ideals: a principle or a way of behaving that is of a very high standard. Idealism is the belief that your ideals can be achieved, often when this doesn't seem likely to others.
Kazakhstan: has a republic authoritarian presidential rule.
1860: First Republican President Lincoln
Azimuthal map: true compass direction, usually circular, distorts scale, area and shape; usually used to show areas
Earthquakes: tremors of the Earth's surface, sometimes violent and devastating, which result from shock waves
The Currency Act: forbade colonists from issuing paper money.
Oceania: the islands of the southern, western and central Pacific Ocean, including Melanesia, Micronesia and
13th Amendment: abolishes slavery in the U.S.
Federalism: a system of government which power is divided between a national government (federal) and regional government.
Sub-Saharan Africa: consists of the African countries located south of the Sahara desert.
The Roman Empire:: At its peak, the Roman Empire stretched from Britain in the west to Mesopotamia in the east. At its largest,
Valley: an elongated depression in the earth's surface, usually between ranges of hills or mountains.
Spring Equinox: the Earth's tilt is sideways toward the Sun and the hours of daylight are the same in both
Lewis and Clark expedition: an expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories of the United States
Mayans: Central America, biggest cities were in modern day Guatemala (south of Mexico), most powerful from
Global warming: the term attached to the belief that the Earth's temperature is gradually increasing due to the
Human-initiated fire: human-initiated fires for land clearing and land use can quickly develop into large-scale and
Native Americans removed from their land to fulfill the Manifest Destiny:: In the 1800's, the newly built railroad trains brought merchants, miners, ranchers, and farmers from the settled East
Deforestation: the process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else.
Latitude: a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance north or south of the equator. The equator is an
Fugitive Slave Act: was a law that was passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, providing southern
Eastern Europe: the former Eastern Bloc, or Communist Europe.
Code of Hammurabi: a king in ancient Mesopotamia who was known for putting 282 laws of his country into a
Minority: a smaller group of people who differ racially or politically or religiously, or economically from a larger
Homo sapiens": (wise man), became dominant. They made tools from stone and
Cognitive development: the growth of the person's ability to learn
Weather map: depicts the meteorological conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time.
Pilgrims/ Massachusetts: Indians showed the Pilgrims how to plant corn, pumpkins, beans, how to hunt and fish. To give thanks for the
Biases: a prejudice towards one particular point of view or ideology.
Ferdinand Magellan: first in history to sail around the world
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - an organization of about a dozen nations that sell oil to
Thomas Jefferson: 3rd President of the United States
Prejudice: a hostile opinion about some person or class of persons.
William Lloyd Garrison: United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery journal (1805-1879)
1898: Spanish- American war
Apartheid: extreme racial segregation was practiced by the white minority who controlled the government.
Reconstruction: the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union
Declaratory Act: Parliament announces that they are in charge of the colonies
Westward expansion: territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains
Industrial Revolution:: the Industrial revolution was a rapid industrial growth that began in
1787: Constitution of U.S. and Bill of Rights
Judaism: The first monotheistic (one-God) religion. Jews believe that Moses' prophecies are true and the Messiah
Satellite image: image of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space.
The Gettysburg Address: speech by Lincoln after the battle of Gettysburg
Waste disposal: There are three methods of handling solid waste: burying, recycling, and burning.
Plessy v. Ferguson:: court upheld segregation it ruled seperate but equal facilities did not violate the fourteenth ammendment.
women's suffrage: the women's right to vote. The movement developed from the fight against slavery.
19th Amendment: Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
1930's: Roosevelt's New Deal
Oceans: are the largest bodies of salt water between the continents; there are 5 oceans
The Cold War: was a political war between USSR and its communist allies against the United States and other
Architectural monuments: Sumerians built temples to worship the gods. Slaves taken captive in war were
Congress: The legislative branch of government, as described in Article I of the US Constitution, consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate. Primarily responsible for making laws.
1991: World Wide Web
Thomas Paine: wrote Common Sense where he argued for republicanism over a monarchy and colonial independence
Virginia: In 1607,Virginia became the first English colony in America.
Major Rivers: Africa: Nile (world's longest), Congo (5th longest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452 - 1446, was a great Renaissance painter (the Mona Lisa) and an engineer (tried to make
Conflicts in the Middle East:: The Middle East is the region in western Asia and northeast Africa that
The Black Death:: 1331 - 1430 A popular name for the bubonic plague and one of the greatest medical disasters in
Prehistory: is the period of time before people began writing.
Seasons:: because the Earth is closer to the Sun during parts of its elliptical orbit than at other times, and due to the
Emancipation Proclamation: Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Iran: has an Islamic theocratic republic.
Plate Tectonics: heory which explains the distribution of continents, earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. Plates
Water and air pollution:: Most water pollution is the result of human activities; wastes produced by households,
French Revolution:: 1789 - 1799The French helped America with the American Revolution causing them to go bankrupt.
Liberal Democracy: rule by the people, helps prevent rule by cruels aristocrats, modern democracies don't fight wars with each other.
Developing nations:: A nation in which the average income is much lower than in industrialized/developed nations,
Samurai: Japanese soldiers who served the land owned by the lords (daimyos).
the Holocaust:: 12 million victims, 6 million Jewish and 6 million non-Jewish, were killed in the German campaign of racial
1773: Boston Tea party
1928 - 1940: The Great Depression
1607: Virginia becomes first English colony
Anasazi (cliff dwellers): "ancient ones" is the name given to the region where the 4 corners of Utah, Colorado,
1989: Berlin wall falls, end of Cold War
Snowstorms: have a significant effect on plant, animal and human life. Snow increases the reflection of solar
The Dred Scott decision: Supreme Court decision in 1857 that ruled that slaves were property, not people, and Congress did not have the right to outlaw slavery in any territory.
Andrew Carnegie: United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)
Logging: there are two methods of logging: clear-cutting and selective cutting.
Eli Whitney,: an American inventor, pioneered interchangeable parts.
E-Commerce: maintaining business relationships and selling info, service, and commodities by means of computer
Collapse of the Soviet Union: Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991; the Cold War also ended during
City-states: 3000 B.C. First city-states - each city acted as a state with its own special gods or goddesses, its own
Manifest Destiny: This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
Amerigo Vespucci: made maps
Panama Canal: connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, built from 1904 - 1914.
1500: American Natives, Iroquois, unite in Northeast. Plains Indians use horses to follow buffalo herds.
Stamp Act: an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents
1865: Civil war ends when General Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse, Pres. Lincoln assassinated
Abraham Lincoln: 16th President of the United States
Leon Trotsky.: In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the provisional government.
Bays: bodies of water, smaller than a gulf and nearly surrounded by land.
1848: Gold discovered in California, first women's movement meeting, Mexican war
1945: World War II comes to an end with atomic bomb
John Locke: a 17 century philosopher who argued that the government should depend on the consent of the
Slave trade abolished: 1833
Bangladesh: has a parliamentary democracy.
Boston Tea Party: demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
1804: Lewis and Clark expedition
Magellan: sailed around the world in 1519 - 1522, sailed around the tip of South America,
Inuit's (Eskimos): a widely dispersed group of peoples in the Arctic region of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and
Magna Carta: the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
Northwest Indians (Kwakiutl): occupied Vancouver Island, the adjacent mainland and the islands of British
Arab world: name originally applied to the Semitic peoples of the Arabian Peninsula; now used also for populations
15th Amendment: citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude
Yosemite Valley:: Located in California, Yosemite is famous for dramatic rock formations and water falls. Yosemite valley was created
Grand Canyon:: The Grand Canyon is a 5,000 foot deep gorge which was carved into the Earth's surface by the Colorado River, in
Erosion: the process by which weathered particles are moved to another location.
Ponce de Leon: sailed and discovered Florida and claimed it for Spain.
Rivers: are large, natural streams of fresh water.
Martin Luther King: United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)
Nonrenewable resource: natural resources that are not replaced in a useful time frame. As nonrenewable resources
The decline and fall of the Roman empire: In the end, not even the Roman army could control such a huge empire. The
1776: Declaration of Independence
Rosa Parks: United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
Climate: is a region's usual long-term weather patterns. Average temperatures, amounts and kinds of precipitation,
Cortez: sailed to Mexico and in 1532 crushed the Aztec civilization.
Slaves: African slaves were brought to the New World with the first colonists.
Topographical map: the shape of the earth's surface is shown by contour lines; contour lines are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation above sea level on the land's surface.
1513: Spain's Ponce de Leon claims Florida and parts of the southwest
Mexican Revolution: 1810 to 1823.They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,
Mountain ranges: rows or chains of mountains. For example, the Himalayan mountain range, along India's northern
Gorbachev: called for economic reform and a greater emphasis on human rights throughout Eastern Europe.
Tundra: a level and rolling treeless plain in artic and sub-artic regions with black mucky soil with permanently
Pizarro: traveled to Peru and conquered the Inca Empire. Cortez conquered South America.
Taiwan and South Korea - both have developed prosperous and free societies.: Both these societies were anticommunist and had a parliament, however the government was run by one dominant
Buddhism: the answer to human suffering lay not in worshipping gods, but in right thinking and selfdenial.
Executive Branch: The Executive Branch carries out the laws. A word for this would be "execute". The only member in this group is the president of the united states of america.
14th Amendment: 1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts
Thomas Jefferson: 3rd President of the United States
Neanderthals: In Europe, another human species lived and adapted to life in the cold climates of the last Ice Age.
1732: 13 English colonies
Pluralism: a conviction that various religious, ethnic, racial, and political groups should be allowed to thrive in a
George Washington: 1st President of the United States
Plains Indians: The Great Plains is vast, treeless grassland in the middle of our nation from the Mississippi River
Colonial men: did everything themselves: cleared field, planted, farmed the field, build house, furniture, fences.
Island: an area of land which is completely surrounded by water.
Labor movement: the formation of labor unions, during the 1880's, for the workers to receive better treatment by
Physical map: contains labels for countries and capital cities, as well as major physical features like plains, rivers,
1620: Pilgrims sign Mayflower Contract describing how they will be governed in Massachusetts.
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederate States of America
Equal-area map: shows correct size of land masses, but usually distorts their shapes.
Brown vs. Board of Education: Stated in 1954 that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools (5 words),
Rome: Rome rose to power thanks to its fertile farmland, its army (best in Europe) and its key position in the
Marco Polo: was born in Venice, Italy. He was a Venetian merchant and adventurer who
Droughts: periods of time when less rain than normal falls in an area. During droughts, crops fail and dried out soil
The Caribbean: he Caribbean Sea is in the Atlantic Ocean, bordered by the West Indies to the north and east, South
Gunpowder weapons: allowed European sailors to carry muskets, pistols, and small artillery pieces that they could
The Constitution: set up a federal system, in which political authority was divided between the national government and the state governments. Provided a seperation of power between the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government
Hiroshima: site of 1st Atomic Bomb, killing 70,000+ Japanese citizens
Computers, Internet and e-commerce: In the last 30 years, computers have revolutionized almost every aspect of modern-day life..
Western Europe: Western European democratic governments: Britain, Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium,
Genetic manipulation: scientists have recently "cracked the genetic code" of the human genome, after an
Naturalization: the proceeding whereby a foreigner is granted citizenship
The Mound Builders: Around 200BC - 500 AD, many different Native American groups lived along the
India: republic in southeast Asia, capital is New Delhi.
Korea in the 1940's and 1950's and Vietnam in the 1960's and 1970's:: Looking at a map of North Korea and North Vietnam, you will notice that they are both right next to communist
Atomic bomb: the positive effects are that it shortened WWII and saved Allies lives. The negative side is that it
1754: Benjamin Franklin tries to unite the colonies under the Albany Plan to provide an inter-colonial government
Construction of houses, roads, and cities: In the U.S., about a million acres of farmland (an area half the size of
The International Dateline: an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole between Russia and
Colonial culture: 90% of colonists lived in rural areas.
Elizabeth Stanton: was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States.
1823: Monroe Doctrine
Feudalism: In theory, the emperor owned all the land and gave portions of the land to his leading nobles in
Middle colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, centered on farming( large exports of grain).
East Asia: countries include: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, North Korea, China, and Mongolia.
Nucleated settlements: generally found located around ports, harbors and roads; they have a center, or "nucleus."
Athens: rich and cultured, astronomers, mathematics, thinkers, writers, artists, society with slaves.
The Bill of Rights:: the first ten amendments to the Constitution, dealing mostly with civil rights.
Electoral college: a group selected by the states to elect the president and the vice-president, in which each state's number of electors is equal to the number of its senators and representatives in Congress
quote from the Declaration of Independence:: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with
Australia: a democratic, federal state system recognizing the British monarch as sovereign.
Captain John Smith: Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat".
Stereotypes: generalized beliefs about what members of an identifiable group are like that operate as schemas when perceiving members of those groups
Worldwide economic depression in the 1930's: The end of WWI in 1918 left devastation across large areas of Europe and many countries were in economic chaosWhen the prices fell in October of 1929, people rushed to sell their stocks, but prices fell even further.
Plains: an extensive area of level and rolling, treeless country, often covered by rich, fertile soil.
1497: England's Cabot claims New World
Atomic power: the positive effects of atomic power are the possibility of obtaining energy from fusion/fission
Colonial Towns: neighbors, blacksmiths, carpenters, chimney sweeps, rope-makers, wheel-makers, barrel-makers,
The Constitution and the addition of The Bill of Rights:: "We the people of the U.S., in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
1775 - 1783: American Revolution
Michelangelo: 472 - 1564, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who influenced
Floods: water overflows its natural or artificial banks into normally dry land. Floods are commonly caused by
Legislative Branch: the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating, The legislative branch creates the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.
Neolithic: the period of time about 10,000 B.C., also called the New Stone Age.
Louisiana Purchase: territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million
1849 -: Harriet Tubman escapes slavery
Stalin: began to modernize the Soviet Union with a 5-year plan. He tried to transform the USSR
1793: Whitney's cotton gin
Winter Solstice: In the Northern Hemisphere it is on December 21 or 22; areas north of the Arctic Circle have 24
Black lists: In 1954, McCarthy accused the army of harboring Communists and they fought back in the Army-McCarthy hearings
Southeast Asia: a geographical subdivision of Asia which includes the following nations: Burma, Cambodia,
The Cuban missile Crisis:: When Kruchev tried to build nuclear bases in Cuba, the two superpowers were brought to the brink of war. This base was just 90 miles away from Florida and was a threat to the US. In 1962, President Kennedy declared a naval blockade of Cuba. In the end, Kruchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba.
Christopher Columbus: Columbus proposed to the Spanish government, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to
J.P. Morgan: an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.
Fall Equinox: in the Northern Hemisphere this occurs on September 22 or 23; in the Southern Hemisphere this
1812: war of 1812, Britain v. U.S.

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Number of cards 372