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World History Final Vocab.

Terms

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United Nations Security Council
In June 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union temporarily set aside their differences. They joined 48 other countries in forming the United Nations. This international organization was intended to protect the members against aggression. It was to be based in New York.
Solidarity
a Polish trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard, and originally led by Lech Walesa.
Brezhnev
was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (and thus political leader of the USSR) from 1964 to 1982, serving in that position longer than anyone other than Joseph Stalin. He was twice Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (head of state)
Triple Alliance
Three years later, Italy joined Germany and Austria, forming the Triple Alliance.
Great Purge
In 1934, Stalin turned against members for the Communist Party. In 1937, he launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened his power.
Marshall Plan
The assistance program, called the Marshall Plan, would provide food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western Europe.
Destalinization
The process of discrediting and eliminating the political policies, methods, and personal image of Joseph Stalin.
Lend-Lease Act
as the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war materiel between 1941 and 1945
Rasputin
A self-described "holy man", he claimed to have magical healing powers. Nicholas II's wife, Czarina Alexandra, ran the government while he was away. She Ignored the czar's chief advisers and feel under the influence of Rasputin.
Truman
was the thirty-third President of the United States (1945-1953). As vice president, he succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died less than three months after he began his fourth term.
Nuremberg Laws/Trials
During 1945 and 1946, an international Military Tribunal representing 23 nations put Nazi war criminals on trial in Nuremberg, Germany. In the first of these Nuremberg Trials, 22 Nazi leaders were also charged with waging a war of aggression. They were also accused of committing "crimes against humanity"--the murder of 11 million people.
U-2
occurred during the Cold War on May 1, 1960 when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. At first, the United States government denied the plane's purpose and mission, but was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its remains (largely intact) and surviving pilot, Gary Powers.
Walesa
a Polish politician and a former trade union and human rights activist. He co-founded Solidarity
Central Planning
A system of central planning evolved; a system in which all decisions about what people needed were decided from the top.
League of Nations
Franz Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo. Adopting Wilson's fourteenth point, the treaty created a League of nations. The League was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations.
Abud al-Aziz Ibn Saud
While Turkey broke with many Islamic traditions, another new country held strictly to the Islamic law. In 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud, a member of a once-powerful Arabian family, began a successful campaign to unify Arabia. In 1932, he renamed the new kingdom Saudi Arabia after his family.
Jiang Zemin
In February 1997, after a long illness, Deng died. Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin assumed the presidency. He was a highly intelligent and educated man, Jiang had served as mayor of Shanghai. He was considered skilled, flexible, and practical. However, he had no military experience. Therefore, Jiang had few allies among the generals. In 1997, he visited the United States.
Francis Ferdinand
was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of Austria and Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, and from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne[1]. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated the Austrian declaration of war. This caused countries allied with Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers) and countries allied with Serbia (the Triple Entente Powers) to declare war on each other, starting World War I
Rhineland
The Rhineland is in the western part of Germany, and abuts international boundaries with France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. The River Rhine forms the region's eastern boundary south (upstream) of a point north of Bingen.
Blitzkrieg
The German invasion of Poland was the first test of Germany's newest military strategy--the blitzkrieg or "lightning war." Ti involved using fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followe dby massive infantry forces, to take enemy defenders by surprise and quickly overwhelm them. In the case of Poland, the strategy worked.
Adolph Hitler
Adolph Hitler was a little-known political leader whose early life had been marked by disappointment. When WWI broke out, Hitler found a new beginning. he volunteered for the German army and was twice awarded the iron Cross, a medal for bravery. At the end of the war, Hitler settled in Munich. German Workers' Party, called Nazi for short. Its policies formed the German brand of fascism. It's symbol was a swastika. Hitler's success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen to be leader of the Nazi Party. Hitler and the Nazi's plotted to seize power. In 1932 the nazis had become the largest political party. Conservative leaders believed they could control Hitler and use him for their purposes. Hitler came to power legally in 1933. Hitler used his new power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state. he took propaganda to a new level. He enforced the secret police. His hatred of the jews, or anti-Semitism, was a key part of nazi ideology. They were Germany's scapegoats. Hitler led to the way and leaded the Holocaust.
Salt Acts
In 1930, Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy the hated Salt Acts. According to these British laws, Indians could buy salt from no other source but the government. They also had to pay sales tax on salt. To show their opposition, Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast. There tye began to make their own salt by collecting sea-water and letting it evaporate. This peaceful protest was called the Salt March.
Sun Yixian
Among the groups pushing for modernization and nationalization was the Kuomintang, or the nationalist Party. Its first great leader was Sun Yixian.
D-Day
Normandy was the largest land and sea attack in history. The invasion began on June 6, 1944--known as D-day. At dawn on that day, British, American, French, and Canadian trrops fought their way onto a 60-mile stretch of beach in Normandy. Then, on July 25, the Allies punched a hole in the German defenses near Saint-Lo, and the United States Third Army, led by General George Patton, broke out.
Triple Entente
Did not bind Britain to fight with France and Russia. However, it did almost certainly ensure that Britain would not fight against them.
Churchill
Winston Churchill, the new British prime minister, had already declared that his nation would never give in. In a rousing speech he proclaimed that they would never surrender.
Lebensraum.
Hitler declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more lebensraum, or living space. He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia.
Jiang Jieshi
The Nationalist force leader, Jiang Jieshi, dominated southwestern China. Protected from the Hapanese by rugged mountain ranges, Jiang gathered an army of 2.5 million men. After Japan surrendered the Nationalists and Communists resumed fighting. Jiang against Mao's red army.
Deng Xiaoping
Both Mao and Zhou died in 1976. Shortly afterward, moderates took control of the Communist Party. They jailed several of the radicals who had led the Cultural Revolution. By 1980, Den Xiaoping had emerged as the most powerful leader in China. He was the last of the "old revolutionaries" who had ruled China since 1949.
Communes
In Communist China, a collective farm on which a great number of people work and live together.
Hu
Hu became president of the country and general secretary of the Communist Party. Jiang remained political leader of the military. Both supported China's move to a market economy.
Holocaust
The systematic mass slaughter of jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis.
Kemal
Mustafa Kemal, a brilliant commander, successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks and their British backers. After winning a peace, the nationalists overthrew the last ottoman sultan.
Containment
An increasingly worried United States tried to offset the growing Soviet threat to Eastern Europe. President Truman adopted a foreign policy called containment. It was a policy called containment. It was a policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism. Containment policies included forming alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances.
Pahlavi
Persia's new leader, Reza Shah Pahlavi like Kemal in Turkey, set out to modernize his country. He established public schools, built roads and railroads,promoted industrial growth, and extended women's rights. Unlike Kemal, Pahlavi kept all power in his own hands. He changed the name of the country from the Greek name Persia to the traditional name Iran.
Reparations
Germany agreed to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks to the Triple Entente in the Treaty of Versailles. Bulgaria paid reparations of 2.25 billion gold francs (90 million pounds) to the Entente, according to Treaty of Neuilly.
Appeasement
On March 7, 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland. Stunned, the French were unwilling to risk war. The British urged appeasement, giving in to an aggressor to keep peace.
Versailles Treaty
The Peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after WWI.
Détente
general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the late 1960s until the start of the 1980s. In the Soviet Union, détente was known as Russian
Glasnost
he policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev.
Nicholas II
NIcholas II became czar in 1894, he continues the tradition of Russian autocracy. But it blinded him to the changing conditions of his times. In 1914, Nicholas II made the fateful decision to drag russia into World War I. Russia was unprepared to handle the military and economic costs.
Trotsky
Leon Trotsky was a Ukrainian-born Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and the People's Commissar of War. He was also among the first members of the Politburo. Trotsky, was forced into exiles in 1929.
Bolsheviks
Russian Marxists split into two groups over revolutionary tactics. The Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.The more radical Bolsheviks, supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change.
Berlin Airlift
was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War 2 Germany, the Soviet Union -- a wartime ally of the three other occupying nations (the U.S., UK, and France) -- blocked the three Western powers' railroad and street access to the western sectors of Berlin that they had been controlling. The crisis abated after the Western powers bypassed the blockade by establishing the Berlin Airlift, demonstrating both their dedication to the cause of supplying their respective zones, as well as the industrial might of Western Civilization
Stalin
Joseph Stalin was cold, hard, and impersonal. During his early days as a Bolshevik, he changed his name to Stalin, which means "man of steel" in Russian. Stalin began his ruthless climb to the head of the government between 1922 and 1927. He worked behind the scenes to move his supporters into positions of power. By 1928, Stalin was in total command of the Communist Party.
Warsaw Pact
The Soviet Union saw NATO as a threat and formed it's own alliance in 1955. It was called the Warsaw Pact and included the Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.In 1961, the Easy Germans Built a Wall to separate East and West Berlin. The Berlin wall sumbolized a world divided into rival camps. However, not every country joined the new alliances. Some, like India, chose not to align with either side.
Eisenhower
On November 8, an Allied force of more than 100,00 troops--mostly Americans--landed in Morocco and Algeria. American general Dwight D. Eisenhower led this force. Caught between Montgomery's and Eisenhower's armies, Rommel's Afrika Korps was finally crushed in May 1943.
The Long March
Jiang's army then surrounded the Communists' mountain stronghold. Outnumbered, the Communist Party leaders realized that they faced defeat. in a daring move, 100,000 Communist forces fled. They began a hazardous 6,000-mile-long journey called the Long march. Thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds.
Weimar Republic
Germany's new democratic government was set up in 1919. Known as the Weimar Republic it was named after the city where the national assembly met. The Weimar Republic had serious weaknesses from the start. First, Germany lacked a strong democratic tradition. Several Major political parties and many minor ones. Millions of Germans blamed the Weimar government, not their wartime leaders, for the country's defeat and postwar humiliation caused by the Versailles Treaty.
Sarajevo
The capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Franz Ferdinand assassination location.
Hiroshima
President Truman warned the Japanese, by saying to them that unless they surrendered they could expect a "rain of ruin from the air". The Japanese did not reply. So, on August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city of nearly 350,000 people. Between 70,000 and 80,000 died in the attack.
"War guilt clause"
Article 231, which was also known as the "war guilt" clause. It placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany's shoulders. As a result, germany had to pay reparations to the allies.
Wilheim II
Kaiser Wilhelm II--who two years earlier had become ruler of Germany--forced Bismarck to resign. Wilhelm II was too proud and stubborn and did not wish to share power with anyone. He was eager to show the world just how might Germany had become. The army was his greatest pride.
Salt I and II
he Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet Union and the United States—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. There were two rounds of talks and agreements: SALT I and SALT II.
Proletariat
The Marxist revolutionaries believed that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the czar. These workers would then form "a dictatorship of the proletariat." This meant that the proletariat--the workers--would rule the country.
Battle of Britain
At sunset, the wail of sirens filled the air as Londoners flocked to the subways, which served as air-raid shelters. Some rode out the bombing raids at home in smaller air-raid shelters or basements. This Battle of Britain continued until May 10, 1941. Stunned by British resistance, hitler decided to call off his attacks. Instead, he focused on the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. The Battle of Britain taught the Allies a crucial lesson, that Hitler's attacks could be blocked.
Totalitarian State
Describes a government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life.
Sputnik
was the first artificial satellite to be put into outer space. Launched into geocentric orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, it was the first of a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program
Market Economy V.S. Command Economy
an economic system in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system.[1][2] In a market economy, businesses and consumers decide of their own volition what they will purchase and produce, and in which decisions about the allocation of those resources are without government intervention V.S. An economywhere supply and price are regulated by the government rather than market forces. Government planners decide which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed. The former Soviet Union was an example of a command economy. Also called a centrally planned economy.
5 Year Plans
Stalin outlined the first of several Five-Year Plans for the development of the Soviet Union's economy. The Five-Year Plans set impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals, to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity. To reach these targets, the government limited production of consumer goods. As a result, people faced severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods.
Yeltsin
as the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
Cuban Missile Crisis
was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War. The crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War, and is often regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.
Third Reich
On November 5, 1937, Hitler announced to his advisers his plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich, or German Empire. The Treaty of Versailles prohibited a union between Austria and Germany. However, many Austrians supported unity with Germany. In march 1938, Hitler sent his army into Austria and annexed it. France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence.
Tiananmen Square
In 1989, students sparked a popular uprising that stunned China's leaders. Beginning in April of that year, more than 100,000 students occupied Tiananmen Square, a huge public space in the heart of Beijing. The students mounted a protest for democracy.
Truman Doctrine
Truman's support for countries that rejected communism was called the Truman Doctrine. It caused great controversy. Some opponents objected to American interference in other nations' affairs. Others argued that the United Stated could not afford to carry on a global crusade against communism.
NATO
The Berlin blockade heightened Western Europe's fears of Soviet aggression. As a result, in 1949, ten western European nations joined with the United States and Canada to form a defensive military alliance. It was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). An attack on any NATO member would be met with armed force by all member nations.
Fascism
Militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Unlike communism, fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Nevertheless, most Fascists shared several ideas. The preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one's country. Fascists believed that nations must struggle--peaceful states were doomed to be conquered. They pledged loyalty to an authoritarian leader who guided and brought order to the state. Fascists wore uniforms of a certain color, used special salutes, and held mass rallies.
Kerensky
served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution.
Gandhi
The massacre at Amritsar set the stage for Mohandas K. Gandhi to emerge as the leader of independence movement. Gandhi's strategy for battling injustice evolved from his deeply religious approach to political activity. HIs teachings blended ideas from all of the major world religions, including Hinduism Jainism, Buddhism Islam, and Christianity. Gandhi attracted millions of followers. Soon they began calling him the mahatma, meaning "great soul".
Francisco Franco
In July 1936, army leaders, favoring a Fascist-style government, joined General Francisco Franco in a revolt. Thus began a civil war in Spain that dragged on for three years.
Coalition government
For generations, kings and emperors had ruled Germany and the new nations formed from Austria-Hungary. Even in France and Italy, whose parliaments had existed before WWI, the large number of political parties made effective government difficult. Some countries had a dozen or more political groups. In these countries, it was almost impossible for one party to win enough support to govern effectively. When no single party won a majority, a coalition government, or temporary alliance of several parties, was needed to form a parliamentary majority. Because the parties disagreed on so many policies, coalitions seldom lasted very long.
Mao Zedong
China's Communist leader, Mao Zedong, the Communists had a stronghold in northwestern China. From there, they mobilized peasants for guerrilla war against the Japanese in northeast. Thanks to their efforts to promote literacy and improve food production, the Communists won the peasant's loyalty. By 1945, they controlled much of northern China.
Reds and Whites
The Bolsheviks--Red Army--now faced a new challenge: stamping out their enemies at home. Their opponents formed the White Army. The White Army was made up of very different groups. There were those groups who supported and return to rule by the czar, others who wanted democratic government, and even socialists who opposed Lenin's style of socialism. Only the desire to defeat the Red Army united them.
Shock Therapy
one of Yeltsin's goals was to reform the Russian economy. He adopted a bold plan known as "shock therapy", an abrupt shift to free market economics. Yeltsin lowered trade barriers, removed price controls, and ended subsidies to state-owned industries. Inflation rose at a rate averaged 800 percent.
Benito Mussolini
A newspaper editor and politician named Benito Mussolini boldly promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces. He vowed to give Italy strong leadership. Mussolini had founded the Fascist Party in 1919. As economic conditions worsened, his popularity rapidly increased. Finally, Mussolini publicly criticized Italy's government. Mussolini played on the fear of a workers' revolt, he began to win support from the middle classes, the aristocracy, and industrial leaders.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between the Russian SFSR and the Central Powers, marking Russia's exit from World War I.
Mein Kampf
While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My struggle). This book set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany. Hitler asserted that the Germans, whom he incorrectly called "aryans" were a "master race." he declared that non-Aryan "races," such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were inferior. He called the Versailles Treay an outraged and vowed to regain German lands.
Great Leap Forward
of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1960 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy dominated by peasant farmers into a modern, industrialized communist society.
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin signed a ten-year nonaggression pact with Hitler. After being excluded from the Munich conference, Stalin was not eager to join with the West. Also, Hitler had promised him territory. In a secret part of the pact, Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Poland between them. They also agreed that the USSR could take over Finland and the Baltic countries of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.
New Deal
Roosevelt immediately began a program of government reform that he called the New Deal. Large public workers projects helped to provide jobs for the unemployed. New government agencies gave financial help to businesses and farms.
Jiang Jieshi
After Sun Yixian died in 1925, Jiang Jieshi, formerly called Chiang Kai-shek, headed the Kuomintang. Jiang was the son of a middle-class merchant. Many of Jiang's followers were bankers and business people. LIke Jiang, they feared the Communists' goal of creating a socialist economy modeled after the Soviet Unions. His government became steadily less democratic and increasingly corrupt.
Civil Disobedience
In 1920, the Congress Party endorsed civil disobedience, the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law, and non-violence as the means to achieve independence. Gandhi then launched his campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the British government's authority and economic power over India.
Roosevelt
President Roosevelt, however, did not live to witness the long-awaited victory. he had died suddenly on April 12, as Allied armies were advancing toward Berlin.
Collectivization
In 1928, the government began to seize over 25 million privately owned farms in the USSR. It combined them into large, government owned farms, called collective farms. hundreds of families worked on these farms, called collectives, producing food for the state. The government expected that modern machinery on the collective farms would boost food production and reduce the number of workers. resistance was especially strong among kulaks, a class of wealthy peasants. The Soviet army decided to eliminate them.
Wilson's 14 Points
In January 1918, while the war was still raging, President Wilson had drawn up a series of peace proposals. Known as the Fourteen Points, they outlined a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace. This led to self-determination.
Gorbachev
He was the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1985 until its collapse in 1991.Gorbachev's attempts at reform—perestroika and glasnost—as well as summit conferences with United States President Ronald Reagan, contributed to the end of the Cold War, and also ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Cultural Revolution
1966-1976 uprising in China led by the Red Guards, with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal.
Khruschev
served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the De-Stalinization of the USSR, as well as several liberal reforms ranging from agriculture to foreign policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev.
Mao
An assistant librarian at Beijing University, as among its founders. Later he would become China's greatest revolutionary leader. Mao Zedong had already begun to develop his own brand communism. He believed he could bring revolution to a rural country.
Perestroika
economic reforms introduced in June 1985 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet economy.

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