Chap. 2 Test World History I
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is the fertile crescent?
- the land between the Mediterranian Sea and the Persian Gulf?
- What does Mesopotamia mean?
- "land between the rivers"
- Where is mesopotmia?
- east of the fertile crescent between the Tigris & Euphrates rivers
- problems with Tigris Euphrates river flooding
-
unpredictable
took away villages - Mesopotamia solutions to flooding problems
- built dams and escape tunnels
- who were the sumerians?
- people from Asia who settled in mesopotamia
- where was the birthplace of ancient cities
- Sumer
- city state
- city & surrounding area controled politically & economically by city
- ziggurat
- sumerian temple
- what is a ziggurat made of
- sun dried brick
- ziggurats are shaped like
- step pyramids
- gov of Mesopotamian city states
-
military leader then
King who is high priest
monarchy and theocracy - mesopotamian society
-
men - heads of housholds
women - few rights - mesopotamian system of writing
- cunea form
- oldest writing in the world
- cunea form
- cunea form
-
wedge-shaped markings
sharpened reed into clay tablets - mesopotaian scribes
-
scribes studied a long time
schools - eddubas
high in society - Gilgamesh
- epic of... epic poem, one of earlist works of literature, adventures of king
- sumerian tecnology
- wheel, potters wheel, sundail, # system, calendar, bronze, plow
- Sargon I
- 1st empire builder in mesopotamia, king of Akkadians
- Akkadians
- Semites, kingdom - Akkad
- Sargon I's empire
- united all city states in mesopotamia, spoke akkadian, Sumerian religion, disentigrated after empire
- What is Ebla
- Kingdom in N Syria
- how do we know stuff about Ebla?
- Akkadians burned archives but not tablets
- What do we know about Ebla
-
trade w/ Egypt & Mesopotamia
Elected Kings
destroyed by Amoites - Amorites
-
Semetic People
from Syria
overran Babylon - Hamurabi's empire
-
controled all of Mesopotamia
Babylon center of trade
trade w/ china & India - how was Hamurabi's code advanced
- justice before done by wronged, now matter of comunity, written law, job of gov to preotect people
- Hamurabi's code covered
- inheritance, theft, home life, intrest
- Babylonian social classes
-
1- kings, priests, nobles
2- artsans, merchants, scribes, farmers
3- slaves
laws varried by class - writing of babylonians
- cuneaform - clay tablets
- decline of Babylonia
-
after Hamurabi died
again into city states
Hittiets raided
Babylon capital of new empire - Kemet
- "black land" name for Egypt, b/c of soil
- name "egypt" comes from
- greeks
- Nile
-
flows N
floods yearly
6 cataracts
forms delta - cataract
- waterfall
- what did egyptaind get from Nile
- papyrus, water, fertile soil, ducks,geese, fish,
- Egypt protected by
- desert & cataracts
- people first came to egypt
- hunter-gatheres settled -> became farmers -> vilages -> united under king
- monarchy
- ingdom under unrestricted rule of a king
- 2 kingdoms of Egypt
- Upper & Lower Egypt
- Lower Egypt
- north - nile delta
- Upper Egypt
- South - Nile Vally
- Narmer's other name
- Menes
- Narmer
-
king of upper egypt, conquered lower egypt, capital city - memphis,
1st egyptan dynasty - dynasty
- line of rulars from one family
- civilization of old kingdom
- upper & lower egypt sitll separate identities, features of civilization, bureaucracy
- bureaucracy of old kingdom
-
group of gov. officals headed by king's vizier:
trade, taxes, built stuff - when were pyramids built
- old kingdom
- Step pyramid
- King Djoser, 1st large all-stone buildig in the world
- stuff in tob w/ king for afterlife
- clothing, weapons, ferniture, jewalry
- 1st dynasty of middle kingdom
-
capital - Thebes
trades along coast
tried to conquer nubia, syria
built cannal nile to red sea - Hyksos
- people from W asia
- Hyksos invasion
- bronze weapons & chariots vs. copper & stone weapons on foot - conquered & estabilshed new dynasty
- founded first dynaty of new kingdom
- Ahmose
- drove Hyksos out
- Ahmose
- "pharaoh" means
- "great house of the king"
- what did Ahmose do
- rebuilt egypt, temples, trade
- pharaohs after Ahmose
- conquest farther east
- Thutmose III as pharaoh
- conquered syria, pushed up to euphrates, egypt rich, cultural diffusion, empire
- empire
- group of previously independent territories brought under one rule
- Amenhotep's wife
- Nefertiti
- Amenhotep
- changed egypt from monotheistic to polytheistic
- Amenhotep's god
- Aton - sun disk god
- Amenhotep's changes
-
name: Akenaten - "spirit of Aton"
moved capital to city dedicated to Aton - reaction to Amenhotep's changes
- common people regected, priests resented loss of power
- Akenaten's sucessor
- Tutankhamen
- after Ramses II died
- decline, ruled by Libyans & Kushites
- Treaty after battle of Kadesh
- permenant pease, fight as allies, unusual
- Egyptian social classes
-
1-royalty, nobles, priests
2-artisans, scribes, merchants, tax colectors
3-mostly farmers
could improve positon - Egyptian Upper class
- lived in elaborate homes in cities or estates
- Egyptian Middle class
- carried out buisiness, comfortable not elegant
- Egyptian Lower class
-
small vilages
rented land from king
worked on building projects
some surved upper class - role of egyptian children
-
great respect for parents,
son - maintain father's tomb - role of women in old kingdom
-
property of husbands,
valued producers of children - rights of women in egypt after old kingdom
- buy/own/sell property in own name; testify in court; seek divorce; work outside of home
- polytheism
- worship of many gods
- hieroglyphics
- pictuere symbols carved on slate
- hieratic
- egyptian cursive - everyday writing
- egyptian writing
- few people literate, school for scribes,
- languages on Rosetta Stone
- Greek & 2 forms of egyptian
- rosetta stone found by
- napoleaon's soldiers
- rosetta stone deciferd by
- Jean Francois Champollion
- Book of dead
- tells how to have a happy afterlife; prayers; say person is a good person; in tombs
- science of egyptians
- # system, geometry, 365 day calendar, medicine
- egyptian medicine
- knowlage of anatomy (from embalmbing); wrote directions on scrols; some magic
- Subcontinent
- large triangular-shaped land mass jutting into ocean
- countries in indian subcontinent
- India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
- natural barriers of Indus R. valley civilization
-
ocean - E & W
N - Himilayas & Hindu Kush - Rivers in S. asia (India)
- Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra
- climate of S. asia
- warm weather; mountains block cold air
- monsoons
- seasonal winds
- S. asia monsoons
-
NE - winter, dry
SW - summer, storms
people dependent on:
heavy - destroy villages
light - poor crops - name for Indus R valley civilizaition
- the Harappan civilization
- main cities of indus R valley civilization
- Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro
- cities of Indus R valley civilization
- citidel, grid pattern, indoor plumbing, brick
- crops of Indus R valley civilization
- wheat, barley, rice, cotton
- Indusrty of Indus R valley civilization
-
from serplus of food-
cotton cloth; mass-produced clay pots; gold/shell/ivory jewalry; bronze & copper tools; silver vessels - Harappan merchants
- soapstone seals, traded w/ mesopotamia
- Harappan writing
- pictograms, soapstone seals, don't know what they mean, adopted from mesopotamia
- Harappan religion
- animal & human figures - sugests worshiped nature gods, polytheistic
- end of Indus River valley civilization
-
disapeard - don't know how
Maybe:
climate changes
invaders - name for ancient china
- Zhong Guo "the Middle Kingdom"
- oldest continuous civilization in world
- ancient china
- barriers that caused isolation of china
- Himmalayas, Kulun Shan, Tian Shan mountains; Gobi desert
- rivers in china
-
Huang He
Chang Jiang/Yangtze
Xi Jian - Huang He flows
- N -> E to yellow sea
- loess
- rich yellow soil
- "the Great Sorrow"
- Huang He b/c of floods
- Yellow River
- Huang He - loess - carried down river & deposited - makes soil rich
- Chinese creation myths
- Pang Yu - hatched grom egg - body made universe
- Yu the Great
- engeneer - control huang He flooding - Xi dynasty (1st)- no records of
- Shang kings
- high priests - comunicated w/ gods for people
- oracle bones
- call on ancestors, priests wreote on bone, applied heat, pattern=answer
- chinese writing
- many charaters, verticle columns, few literate, little conection between written & spoken language
- ancient china konwn for
- fine bronze work
- chinese stuff/artifacts/they made
- ivory/jade statues, silk, kaolin pottery
- chinese cities
-
Ex: Anyang
place, temple in middle
then- public building & homes of important people
then- workshops & other homes - Shang dynasty
- conquered most of Huang He valley; weakened b/c no strong leaders
- Wu
- kingof territory; killed king & started new dynaty-Zhou
- mandate
- authoroty to rule
- mandate of heaven
-
good king - got
bad king - lost -> new daynasty
explained overthrowing of a dynasty - mandate of heaven 1st apeared in
- Zhou dynasty
- chalenges to mesopotamians
- floods, dry, small area, no natural barriers, few natural resources
- technology
- skills & tools made for special need
- mesopotamians solutions to problems
- dams, irrigation, bricks for building, traded
- ziggurat means
- "the mountain of god"
- priests role in Sumer
- told how to worship, organized projects, taxes
- theocracy
- gov ruled by a god or priest that is rep. of god
- Sumerian gov.
-
monarchy, theocracy
rule passed from father to son - sumerian inovations
- bronze, wagon & potter's wheel, arch, sundial, umbrella
- sumerian # system
- based on 60
- sumerian social classes
-
top- priests & kings
next- wealthy merchants, scribes
next- farmers, artisans
bottom- slaves - women in sumerian society
- ... & childern sell to pay debts, own property, trade, lower-level priests, few scribes
- semite
- spoke language similer to hebrew or arabic
- patriarchal
- father/eldest male - leader
- stele
- upright stone slab w/ inscription
- Hamurabi's code on
- stele, picture showed came from gods
- Shamesh
- sumerian sun god
- created double crown
- Narmer
- Atun
- sun god in human form
- Ra
- sun god
- son of Ra
- pharaoh
- Isis
- nile, giver of life, wife of osiris
- Osiris
- resurection & rebirth, fought brother Seth, 1st mummy, judge of the underworld
- Horus
- Hawk, sun, defeats Seth, son of Isis & Osiris, in batttle sth plucks out "eye of horus"
- built on sides of nile
-
tombs - W
living - E - Giza pyramids
-
kufu (cheops) & 2 sons
perfect square - Ka
- eternal spirit of pharaoh
- judging souls
- osiris weigh heart against fether of Ma'at(truth & harmony), heavy w/ sin- eaten by devouerer of souls
- Annubis
- Jackel, god of embalmbing
- Amose
- egyptian prince - drove hiksus out, new dynasty, rebuilt egypt
- Hatshepsut's relations
-
father- Thutmose I
husband/brother- Thutmose II
stepson/nefew- Thutmose III - Aton - different
- said universal god, not as animal or human
- El-Amarna period
-
capital - amarna
Amenhotep - ankh
- symbol for eternal life
- sphinx
- body of lion, human head
- "god of technology"
- Osiris
- sybols of pharaoh
- crook & flail
- Isis pictures w/
- cow + sundisk or throne headdress
- canopic jars
- hold: stomach, liver, lungs, intestines; protected by 4 sons of horus
- chinese built with
- wood, earthan walls of cities
- feudalism
- lords granted use of land by king in return for loyalty