Chapter 17 McCollaum - France
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- 1700s Europe was called
- the "Age of Enlightenment," because they believed themselves the first to have discovered "light" of logical thinking revealed by science
- Enlightenment philosophers
- believed they could apply the scientific method and use reason to logically explain human nature
- rationalism
- the belief that truth can be arrived at solely by reason, or rational, logical thinking
- Age of Enlightenment also called
- "Age of Reason"
- natural law governed
- the universe and all of its creatures
- Enlightenment thinkers believe that God
- created the world and made rules for all living things
- In order to live in harmony
- people had to use reason to discover natural law
- The thinkers of the Enlightenment became convinced
- that progress would always take place
- Thinkers of the Enlightenment were called
- philosophes
- Philosophe is French for
- philosopher
- Philosophes were not only philosophers, but also
- critics of society
- Published ideas in books, plays, pamphlets, newspapers, and
- encyclopedias
- Encyclopedias took advantage of the (mechanical device) that religious reformers once used very effictively
- printing press
- The educated all throughout Europe spoke and wrote using
- French
- Encyclopedia was a
- handbook or reference book on the Enlightenment, which became the most famous publication of this period
- The philosophe - created the encyclopedia.
- Denis Diderot
- _ was his assistant.
- Jean d'Alembert
- Together, they worked - hours a day.
- 14 hours
- Between 1751 and 1780, they published - volumes.
- 35 volumes
- T or F? French authorities never imprisoned any philosophes.
- F. Diderot and others were imprisoned.
- Places where philosophes chilled with hostesses to talk
- salons
- _ was a famous hostess of the philosophes.
- Marie-Therese Geoffrin
- Philosophes met with one another to discuss the various political and social changes they strived for.
- yeah...
- _ published The Spirit of the Laws, in which he describes what he considers to be a perfect government, in 1748.
- Baron de Montesquieu
- Montesquieu concluded that - had the best form of goverment.
- England
- It was a good government because power was divided equally among the 3 branches, which were
- the executive, the legislative, and the judicial
- The branches participated in
- checks and balances
- The executive and legislative branches were largely combined in
- the House of Commons
- His concepts of checks and balances influenced the - in the US.
- framers of the constitution in 1787
- Voltaire is AKA
- Francois-Marie Arouet
- He served - terms in the prison known as -.
- 2;the Bastille
- After his time at the Bastille, he fled to -.
- England
- He commented on the - and - in - in 1734.
- the British political system and English customs;Letters on England
- Letters on England helped popularize -.
- English ideas in France
- Voltaire attacked intolerance and injusticed by -.
- rallying public opinion and rousing people to oppose barbaric tortures and religious intolerance
- Voltaire's famous quote was
- "I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."
- - wrote the essay for - in 1749, winning him the contest.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau;the Academy of Dijon
- Civilization has -, according to Rousseau.
- corrupt people
- History repeats itself in cycles of -, with - as examples.
- decay;Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Byzantium
- Published in 1762, Rousseau's most famous book was -.
- The Social Contract
- People are born good, but - corrupt them.
- environment, education, and laws
- Just laws and wise government must be based upon -.
- popular sovereignty
- Popular sovereignty is -.
- created by and subject to the will of the people
- Rousseau distrusted - because it brought on corruption and misery, not progress.
- reason
- Rousseau preferred a kind of -, free of complicated institutions.
- pastoral state
- People who had tired of rationalism accepted Rousseau's philosophy of the -.
- "natural man"
- _ is a system of government in which absolute monarchs ruled according to the principles of the Enlightenment.
- enlightened despotism
- In countries with absolute monarchs and strong censorship, - and - fought the ideas of the philosophes.
- rulers and monarchs
- They prohibited the publishing of books or seriously censored them, removing any materials against the church or public officials.
- yep...
- To avoid trouble, philosophes wrote - instead of "Parisians."
- "Persians"
- Montesquieu used this substitution in his -.
- Persian Letters
- Voltaire moved near -.
- Geneva, Switzerland
- The French Revolution began in 1789. The period befors 1789 is known as -.
- the "Old Regime"
- _ consisted of the Roman Catholic Church and totaled less than - of the population.
- The First Estate;1%
- The church retained many of the privileges it had held since -.
- the Middle Ages
- Only - could try priests and bishops.
- church courts
- The clergy did not have to pay taxes, and occassionally made a - to the king.
- "free gift" of money
- The church owned - of all the land in France.
- one-tenth
- The -, consisting of -, -, and - owned most of the church's wealth.
- higher clergy;archbishops, bishops, and abbots
- Because of the church's wealth, much of the clergy became -.
- lazy, worldly, and neglectful of their spiritual duties
- The lower clergy, made up of -, performed most of the work and received a very low pay.
- parish priests
- The lower clergy gave religious guidance and -.
- fed the poor, provided education
- The Second Estate, made of -, made up less than -% of the country
- nobility;2%
- The Second Estate had many rights, such as⬦
- the right to wear a sword, the right of the eldest son to inherit titles and lands, and the right to function as "lord of the manor"
- The right of the eldest son to inherit titles and lands is AKA⬦
- primogeniture
- Higher positions in the army and government were held by -.
- nobles
- The Third Estate consisted of - and made up about -% of the population.
- average people of France;97%
- The Third Estate was divided into - groups, with the - at the top.
- 3;bourgeoisie
- People who were part of the bourgeoisie were⬦
- the city-dwelling middle class (merchants, manufacturers, and professionals such as doctors and lawyers)
- Below the bourgeoisie were -.
- laborers and artisans of the cities
- At the bottom of the Third Estate were the -.
- peasants
- The peasants paid rent for the land they worked, the heaviest taxes, and also - of their income, called the -.
- one-tenth;tithe
- Some factors in the growing discontent in France were -.
- increased family size (more children, need mo' food), changing economic conditions (raising taxes on the poor peasants, selling things that they had once given away, peasants owed old feudal dues)
- An example of selling things that were once free for peasants?
- selling firewood when they used to be allowed to pick up twigs and brances in the woods for fuel
- Peasants broke out into riots in the streets against⬦
- higher taxes, especially on food.
- The poor economic situation reinforced the first two estates to protect their most valued privilege, -.
- freedom from taxation
- The bourgeoisie wanted - of government.
- their sons to hold high positions in the army and the church, less taxes (while the first two estates had none), more influence in government, mercantilist regulations (like on trade)
- The nobles and upper clergy disliked the increasing power of French kings since the reign of -. It limited their influence. Yep.
- Henry IV
- _ and - were their natural rights, and they discussed it much.
- "liberty" and "equality"
- For peasants, liberty and equality meant -. For the bourgeoisie, it meant -. For the nobility, -.
- the right to eat and get reward for their work;the freedom to trade without restriction and the right to move up in society;the freedom to enjoy their ancient privileges and to limit the authority of the king
- The right to move up in society on merit alone is known as -.
- equality of opportunity
- The wars of - left France in a huge debt.
- Louis XIV
- In 1715, - began his reign, which resulted in - years of French peace. His reign lasted - years.
- Louis XV;25;59 (1715-1774)
- Louis XV was also called -.
- "Louis the Well-Beloved"
- When taxes could not produce enough money to meet expenses, Louis XV borrowed money from -.
- bankers
- Warned that his economic actions endangered France, Louis XV remarked, "-."
- "It will survive for my time. After me, the deluge."
- _ succeeded Louis XV and his wife was -, who was the daughter of -.
- Louis XVI;Marie Antoinette;Austrian empress Maria Theresa
- Louis XVI was - years old when he became king.
- 19 years old
- What caused France's economy to go down the drain drastically?
- assisting the US forces during the American revolution
- Louis XVI eventually tried to tax the -, and called a meeting of the - at - in 1789.
- first two estates;Estates-General;Versailles
- Peasants spent more than -% of their income on bread.
- 60 percent
- A visionary, -, published a pamphlet called -.
- The Abbe Sieyes;What Is The Third Estate?
- The Estates-General had not met for - years.
- 175 years
- The Estates-General allowed the - to out vote the -.
- First two estates;third estate
- Many representatives of the Third Estate were young lawyers acquainted with the ideas of - and -.
- Montesquieu;Voltaire
- A few nobles, such as -, represented the Third Estate.
- Count de Mirabeau
- The Third Estate had as many representatives as the First and Second combined.
- mhmm