Organic Chemistry 1
Terms
-
Aldehydes
Ketones
-
C=O
R/ \H
C=O
R/ \R'
-
Bronsted Acid
Bronsted Base
-
Proton donor
Proton acceptor
-
Carbon Carbon Bond Lengths
C-C
C=C
C= C
Benzene Ring
H-C
-
1.54A
1.34A
1.20A
1.42A
1.10A
-
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic Esters
-
C=O
R/ \OH
C=O
R/ \O-R'
-
Lewis Acid
Lewis Base
-
electron pair acceptor = electrophile
electron pair donor = nucleophile
-
Nucleophile
Electrophile
-
Negative
Positive
- Alcohols
-
R-OH
1,2,3 degree is based on the carbon attached to the alcohol.
-
Alkyl Halides
- R-Hal
- Amides
-
C=O
R/ \N/\R' R"
- Amines
-
contains a nitrogen classification based on the nitrogen
-
Constitutional Isomers
- Compounds with the same molecular formula, but with different connectivities of the atoms.
-
Covalent Bonds
-
Atoms share valence shell electrons to form covalent bonds.
- Diastereomers
-
Stereoisomers (same connectivity, different 3D arrangement) which are not enantiomers, includes geometric isomers
-
Dipole-Dipole Forces
-
Electrostatic attraction between permanent dipoles
- Enantiomers
-
Non- superposable mirror images = chirality
if there is a mirror plan then not chiral (achiral)
- Ethers
- R-O-R'
-
Formal Charge
- F=Z-(S/2)-U
-
Geometric Isomers
-
Same connectivity of atoms, but different spatial arrangements.
-
Hydrogen Bonding
- Electrstatic Bonding between N, O, F, and hydrogen atom bonded to N, O, or F
-
Ionic Bonds
-
Atoms exchange electrons to form ions which are electrostatically attracted to one another.
Usually formed between atoms which are highly electronegative and highly electro positive.
- Isomers
-
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
-
Meso compounds
-
have a stereogenic center(s) but is not chiral
-
Nitriles (Cyanides)
- R-C=N:
-
Observed specific rotatation
-
[alpha] = alpha / c*l
c = concentration g/mL l = pathlength dm
- SODAR
- (2#C + 2-#H-#Hal + #N)/2
- Van der Waals (London) Forces
- Electrstatic attraction between momentary dipoles and induced dipoles