Kinesiology exam 1
Terms
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- joint capsule
- provides stability to the joint and contains the synovial fluid
- involving stability vs mobility, this is almost always an _______ relationship
- inverse
- functions of synovial fluid
- provides nurtient to articular cartilage and lubricates jt. reducing friction
- heavy objects have more or less friction than light objects on the same surface
- more
- first class levers
- fulcrum is located b/w the force and the resistance
- muscles in body create what in order to flex and extend
- torque
- example of ball and socket
- hip and shldr jt
- dynamic stability
- provided by the muscles
- normal force
- the force perpd. to a surface that prevents an object from falling through the surface.
- sarcomere
- the smallest functional unit of muscle tissue
- example of extrinsic
- ligament at side of ankle
- what class lever has better mobity
- third class lever
- inferior/ caudal
- toward the tail end/bottom
- contralateral
- on the opposite side of body
- examples of symphysis
- intervertral joints and symphysis pubis in the pelvis
- abduction
- motion away from midline
- the force of what friction must be what before an object will move
- static, overcom
- the amount of friction depends on what
- types of surface and how hard they are being pushed together
- additional receptors detect potentially damaging stimuli and are responsible for the perception of?
- pain
- hinge jt
- allow mostly flexion and extension
- proprioception
- ability to know your position of your body and to detect movement with your eyes closed.
- what are the four muscle classification based on function
- agonists, antagonist, synergist and fixator
- synovial fluid
- similar to blood plasma with the additions of hyaluronic acid
- adduction
- motion toward the midline
- weight
- w=mg. where g= gravity=9.8m/s2 or 32.2ft/s2. the force due to gravity exerted on a mass
- dynamic proprioception
- slight movement
- deep
- toward inside of body
- types of synovial jt
- uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial, and nonaxial
- force
- the pull of a muscle
- superior/cranial/cephalic
- toward the top of head
- on third class lever, what has mechanical advantage
- the resistance
- muscle
- several fascicles in one muscle
- extrinsic ligaments
- located outside jt capsule
- ipsilateral
- on the same side of body
- second class levers
- force and resistance are on the same side of fulcrum but resistance is closer to fulcrum
- active insufficiency
- muscles are not able to generate enough force in a shortened/ lengthened positioned.
- mass
- the amount of matter contained in an object, measured in slugs or kg.
- fibrocartilage
- contains bundles of collagen fibers; better able to withstand shearing and torsional forces
- pivot jt
- allow mostly rotation
- friction
- a force that is parallel to a surface and resists movement
- speed
- displacement per unit time (ft/sec or m/s)
- medial
- toward the midline
- examples of synchondrosis
- b/w the sternum and 1st rib
- rotation
- motion that turns a body point
- torque
- T=(F)(MA) a force that creates rotational movement;
- acceleration
- the change in velocity per unit time
- sliding filament theory
- where the actin is pulled inward when the muscle contract by myosin. ATP is needed for the myosin to bind and release to the actin.
- flexion
- motion that shorten a limb
- cartilaginous joints
- bone cartilage bone connection
- example of gomphosis joint
- teeth
- example of antagonist
- bicep
- moment arm
- MA; perpd. distance from the center of motion to the line of force
- what does the articular cartilage do
- reduce friction, and absorb and distribute forces of compression
- plantar
- toward bottom of foot
- vectors
- arrows drawn on a force diagram to represent location, magnitude, and direction of force.
- titin maintain the position of the what in the center of the sarcomere and prevents the sarcomere from what?
- myosine and from being pulled apart
- saddle joints
- each joint is convex in one direction and concave in the other direction
- examples of pivot jt
- movement of radius during supination and pronation; b/w C1 and C2
- diarthroses(Synovial joints)
- allow significantly more movement than synarthroses
- sutures allow a small amount of movement for
- childbirth and growth
- triaxial
- motion occurs in 3 planes around 3 axes
- the health of the tissue relies on the diffusion of nutrients through the?
- synovial fluid
- components of synovial joints
- articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and bursae
- ligaments
- fibrous tissue that connects bones to provide stability to jts.
- resistance
- the weight being moved
- example of plane jt
- intercarpal jt (b/w wrist bones)
- myosin proteins are what kind of filaments
- thick
- superficial
- toward inside of body
- types of ligaments
- intrinsic and extrinsic
- force
- F=m*a. a push or pull applied to an object or person, measured in lbs or newtons
- extension
- motion that lengthens a limb
- fulcrum
- the center of motion and location of the axis of motion, the joint
- circumduction
- motion of a limb that draws a circle
- example of fixator
- trunk when performing a push up
- there are no nerves or bloodvessels found in the ______ cartilage
- hyalin
- example of nonaxial jt
- plane joint
- intrinsic ligaments
- form part of jt capsule or located inside jt
- anterior/ ventral
- toward the front side
- sutures
- bone edges interlock or overlap each other and are connected by a ligament or menbrane
- example of saddle joint
- thumb attaches to hand
- articular cartilage
- smooth, thin layer on the surface on the bones, aprox 1/2cm think
- static stability
- provided by the shape of the bones, ligaments, and joint capsule
- mechanical advantage
- to the ease with which the resistance can be moved
- example of hinge jt
- fingers, knees and elbow
- actin proteins are what kind of filaments
- thin
- kinesiology
- study of movement
- on second class lever, what has mechanical advantage
- the force
- fixators
- muscles that stabalize proximally to allow the agonist to work effectively
- what is linear velocity measured in
- ft/sec
- static proprioception
- match movement
- unaxial joint
- motion is allowed mostly in one plane, around one axis
- synchondrosis
- bones are joined by hyaline cartilage only
- agonist
- main muscle used to produce a movement
- the sarcomere goes from what lines
- z to z line
- posterior/ dorsal
- toward the back side
- what are two classifications of joints
- synarthroses and diarthroses
- synovial membrane
- inner layer that produces the synovial fluid
- sagittal plane
- divides the body in right and left sides. perp. to medial /lateral axis
- free body diagrams
- drawings that show the forces placed on objects or people
- torsion
- a twisting force, like wringing-out a washcloth
- the force of gravity is always located where
- center of mass for an object
- example of agonist
- tricep
- types of cartilaginous joints
- symphysis and synchondrosis
- myofibril
- a series of sarcomeres; several myofibrils are contained within one muscle fiber
- hyperextension
- extension pas neutral
- types of fibrous joints
- sutures, gomphosis and syndesmosis
- hyaline cartilage
- glass like cartilage designed for compression
- a longer lever arm of the force mean ______ force is needed to move the resistance
- less
- example of triaxial
- ball and socket
- a longer lever arm of resistance means ______ force is needed to move the resistance
- more
- gomphosis
- bones fit together like a peg in a hole, secured by fibrous tissue
- what is angular velocity measured in
- degrees/sec
- axis of rotation
- imaginary line around which rotation occurs
- example of condyloid joint
- radiocarpal joint fingers
- frontal/coronal plane
- divides the body into anterior/ posterior sides. perp. to an ant. & post. axis
- joint receptors in the ligaments and joint capsule provide what info
- proprioceptive
- shearing
- created by two opposing forces that are not in line with each other
- compression
- a smashing force created by atleast two pushes
- where are sutures found
- skull
- all lever systems have the following
- lever, fulcrum, force, and resistance
- velocity
- displacement per unit time in a specific direction
- longitudinal axis
- along the length of the limb
- fibrous joints
- fibrous tissues connect bone to bone
- bursae
- sacs of synovial fluid that are located outside of jt and are used to reduce friction b/w moving tissues
- example of intrinsic ligaments
- ACL
- muscle fiber
- one single muscle tissue cell (bundle of myofibrils)
- third class levers
- force and resistance are on the same side of fulcrum but force is closer to fulcrum
- examples of syndesmosis joint
- b/w the radius and ulna in forearm, and b/w tibia and fibula in leg
- transverse/ horizontal plane
- divides the body in superior/ inferior parts. perp. to super./ infer. axis.
- palmar/volar
- toward the palm of hand
- fascicle
- bundle of muscle fibers
- types of unaxial jt
- hinge and pivot
- symphysis
- bone-hyaline-fibrocartilage-hyaline-bone. designed for WB, but allows some movement
- smooth surface have lower or higher friction than rough surfaces
- lower
- distraction
- separation of tissues in the body created by tensil forces
- biaxial
- motion occurs in 2 planes around 2 axes
- lateral
- away from the midline
- titin
- protein that connects m line to z line and is the main component for muscle tone
- types of biaxial joints
- condyloid and saddle joints
- what are two types of synarthroses joints
- fibrous joints and cartlaginous joints
- when mass remain constant, weight does what
- changes
- fibrous layer
- layer that limits joint motion
- antagonist
- muscles that oppose the movement of the agonist
- syndesmosis
- greater distance b/w bones than other fibrous joints. bones are connected by a ligament or menbrane that allows some movement.
- condyloid joints
- one joint surface is convex and other concave
- distal
- away from center of body
- synergist
- muscles that assist the action of the agonist
- tension/traction
- created by forces pulling in opposite directions
- nonaxial
- relatively flat surfaces that allow linear motion only
- passive insufficiency
- motion a jt maybe limited by length of a 2 jt muscle b/c it is unable to stretch across both jts.
- proximal
- toward the center of body
- the synovial fluid needs to be circulated which requires
- joint motion
- lever
- a rigid segment where the bones are assumed to be rigid while in reality they are not
- example of bursae
- shoulder and hip