Cognitive Psych Vocab 3
Terms
undefined, object
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- accessibility
- the degree to which we can gain access to the available information
- autobiographical memory
- refers to memory of an individual's history
- availability
- the presence of information stored in long-term memory
- consolidation
- the process of integrating new information into stored information
- constructive
- prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory
- decay
- occurs when simply the passage of time causes an individual to forget
- decay theory
- asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance,rather than displacement, of the memory trace.
- distributed practice
- learning in which various sessions are spaced over time
- encoding
- refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory
- encoding specificity
- what is recalled depends on what is encoded
- flashbulb memory
- a memory of an event so powerful that he person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
- interference
- occurs when competing information causes an individual to forget something
- interference theory
- refers to theview that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words
- massed practice
- learning in which session are crammed together in a very short space of time
- metacognition
- our understanding and control of our cognition; our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking.
- metamemory
- strategies that involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory
- mnemonic devices
- specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words
- primary effect
- refers to superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list
- proactive interference
- occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to-be-remembered material
- recency effect
- refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list
- reconstructive
- involving the use of various strategies (i.e. searching for cues, drawing inferences) for retrieving the orginial memory traces of our experiences and then rebuilding the original experiences as a basis for retrieval.
- rehearsal
- the repeated recitation of an item
- retrieval
- refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory
- retroactive interference
- caused by activity occurring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing; also called retroactive inhibition
- storage
- refers to how you retain encoded information in memory
- analogue codes
- a form of knowledge representation that preserves the main perceptual features of whatever is being represented forthe physical stimuli we observe in our environment
- cognitive maps
- internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships.
- declarative knowledge
- knowledge of facts that can be stated
- dual-code theory
- belief suggesting that knowledge is represented both in images and in symbols
- functional-equivalence hypothesis
- belief that although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it
- imagery
- the mental representation of things that are not currently being sensed by the sense organs
- knowledge representation
- the form of what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on that exist outside of your mind
- mental models
- knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences; an internal representation of information that corresponds analogously with whatever is being represented
- mental rotation
- involves rotationally transforming an object's visual mental image
- procedural knowledge
- knowledge of procedures that can be implemented
- propositional theory
- belief suggesting that knowledge is represented only in underlying propositions, not in the form of images or of words and other symbols
- symbolic representation
- meaning that the relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary.