Child Psychology
Terms
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- Social Referencing
- Look at parent to determine whether something is okay or not
- Bilingual
- Helps acquisition of both languages - can use 1 to teach the other
- Functionalist Approach
- What is the function of that emotion? What makes something relevant? - A goal in mind, other's behavior, ability/sensation/state of mind
- Strange Situation
- Specific procedure to see how kids respond to strangers - given a secure base, then taken away
- Securely Attached
- Use mom/dad as a secure base, but play
- Avoidantly Attached
- Unresponsive to parent, don't distress
- Resistant Attachment
- Clinging, upset, crying, angry
- Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
- Confused, dazed, out of it, flat affect - greatest insecurity
- Reactive Attachment Disorder
- Never formed a primary bond with a caring adult - significant issue
- Stages of Attachment
- Pre-attachment (birth-6 wks.), attachment in the making (6 wks.-8 months), clear cut attachment (8-18 months), reciprocal relationship
- John Bowlby
- Issue of attachment critical, survival issue
- Things that impact attachement
- Opportunity, sensitivity of care giver, infant characteristics, family circumstances, parents internal working models
- Emotional Display Rules
- Where, when, how to display emotion - culturally, genderly influenced
- Temperament
- Personality - Chess and thomas- activity level, rhythmicity, regularity of schedule, distractable, approach/withdraw, adapability, atention span, responsiveness, quality of mood, reaction strength
- Emotional Self-Regulation
- Metacognition knowing how you feel, soothe self, what/how much to let out
- Self-Concious Emotions
- Guilt, shame, embarrassment, price, envy, negative - age 3
- Siegler
- More efficient at using strategies, quickly learn which strategies will work to survive, ones that don't, dropped out
- Rehearsal
- Repetition
- Organize
- Organizing to commit to memory
- Mnemonics
- Elaboration
- Rote Memory
- Like phone numbers - not a formula, just have to memorize
- Chunking
- Good for memorizing numbers, poems
- Recognition
- Like a multiple choice test - recognize what is correct
- Recall
- Pull from memory
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Recall gets more less easy to influence - children assume with recognition that they have been given all of the options
- Metacognition
- Thinking about thinking, self-regulation
- Alfred Binet
- First IQ test, Paris, tested memory, judgment, abstraction
- Factor Analysis
- Ask a bunch of questions, statistical analysis, group together
- Gardner
- Multiple intelligences - body kinesthetic (movement), naturalist (outdoors), inter/intrapersonal (relationships)
- IQ Tests
- Group and individual - scores consistent across a lifetime - measure potential and abilitiy - education can maximize range - Standford-Binet (verbal reasoning, abstract visual, reasoning, short term memory, quanitative) - WISC III (For kids, verbal, performance, full scale)
- Flynn Effect
- IQ scores have gone up - result of technology, mandated public education, more known about kids' needs
- Test Bias
- Mexicans being tested in English when primary language was Spanish
- Decreasing test bias
- Relationship with kid, feedback to kid, focus on process not always answer
- Behaviorism
- Parents reinforce sounds, shape behaviors, learning environment, nurture
- Chomsky
- LAD, universal grammar/rules
- Interactionists
- Social part, not as hard wired as LAD, primed for language
- comprehension
- First in semantic development
- Receptive Language
- What is heard, taken in
- Expressive Language
- Production
- Expressive Style
- Social parts of language - hi/bye, thanks
- Referential Style
- Labeling, not many verbs or adjectives
- Joint Attention
- Paying attention to the same object, commenting on it
- Illocutionary Intent
- Knowing what the intent is, figuring it out - subtle
- Referential Communication Skills
- Understanding the needs of your listener
- Speech Registers
- Adapt communication to situation/people/context
- Object Permanence
- Child has a mental representation of something, even if it is not within sight
- Pre-Operational Thought
- Age 2-7 years, kids hold more representation, think more logically, lots of make believe play
- Centration
- Focusing on one dimension or concept (not understanding that a mother can also be someone's sister, etc.)
- Concrete Operational Thoughts
- School aged 7-11 - centration, reversibility, conservation, hierarchial classification, etc.
- Formal Operational Thought
- (11 and up) - abstract concepts, theoretical things, higher level thinking, hypothetico-deductive reasoning, possible vs. reality
- Vogotsky
- Social learning, acts upon child, language drives change in thought, language most important
- private speech
-
talking to yourself, not meant to communication
Piaget - egocentrism
Vygotsky - guiding self through things - Zone of Proximal Development
- There is a time when we get into a place and can do certain things with assistance, but not alone
- Automaticity
- How much effort you have to expend on something
- Piaget
- Studying his own kids; typical development, individual differences, mechanism of change; stage theory
- Constructivist Approach
- Building a body of language, experiencing the world
- Stage Theory
- Children tend to do things earlier than Piaget thought, stages, people can help things along, stages are universal, always in the same order
- Schemas
- A way of making sense of something, organizing it, putting it into categories - changes with age and experiences
- Adaptation
- Information from new experiences in the environment changes a schema
- Assimilation
- Adding new information to an existing schema
- Accomodation
- Completely new idea in a schema, exceptions to the rule
- Environmental Cumulative Deficit Hypothesis
- A view that attributes the age-related decline in IQ among ethnic minority and other children who live in poverty to the cumulative effcts of underprivileged rearing conditions
- Cognitive inhibition
- The ability to control internal and external distracting stimilu, preventing them from capturing attention and cluttering working memory with irrelevant information
- ADHD
- Attention Defecit Hyperactivity Disorder, learning disability, trouble in school, with relationships, scattered thinking
- Overextension
- Word is applied too broadly, to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate
- Overregularization
- Application of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions
- Recast
- Adult responses that restructure a child's grammatically incorrect speech into correct form
- Kinship studies
- Compare the characteristics of family members
- Convergent Thinking
- Generalization of a single correct answer to a problem, emphasized on intelligence tests
- Divergent Thinking
- The generaion of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem, associated with creativity