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APCG

LCS AP Comparative Government

Terms

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Cadres
This is a lot like a civil service system. In 1987 the final stages of change in the bureaucracy into national policy were taking place in the government cadre system. In the party and the government, the public official holding a responsible or managerial position is a cadre.
Collective Identities
Cultural/Political traits that draw groups of people together ei. gender, race, ethnic group
Biafra
an independent nation that in 1967 a predominantly Igbo population of eastern Nigeria attempted to secede from Nigeria.
Expediency Council
administrative assembly appointed by the Supreme Leader. It's supposed to resolve conflicts between the Majlis and the Council of Guardians. It's also a consultative council to the Supreme Leader
Political Socialization
Tendency of citizens to be "socialized"/ indoctrinated into certain political ideologies
Abacha
the minister of defense of Nigerian military regime since 1983 and took over government from Shonekan in November 1993 who lead corruption, disbandment all elective institutions, and suppressed opposition forces. People celebrated his death
Politics of particularism
A politics of group identity that trumps universal rights and therefore the rights of minorities or any other kind of "other." In Particularism the decisive factor of politics becomes religious and ethnic identity and the interests of the communities defined by these bonds
Pluralism
A system in which multiple points of view are expressed
head of government
Head of the executive branch
Shari'a
Islamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad. In Nigeria parts of the HOusa-Fulani follow Shari'a law.
Majles
a house of parliament, as in Iran
Obasanjo
1st president of the 4th Republic 1999-2007, he is a Christian Yoruba, he was military dictator from 76-79, he is part of the Peoples Democratic Party, he was the first to voluntary step down to new democracy. He wanted Privatization, free market, and to fight corruption.
Senate
The Senate is the upper house of the National Assembly of Nigeria. It consists of 109 senators: the 36 states are divided in 3 senatorial districts each electing one senator; the Federal Capital Territory elects only one senator.
CCP
Is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and is the world's largest political party and is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. In China, it is the supreme political authoirty because of it control of all stae apparatus and legislative process, but is still not recognized by the constitution. In 1921, during the Chinese Civil War, the CCP came to rule over the mainland of China because they defeated the KMT. The party has 70 million members.
Transitional Democracy
new
Reformers
the non-conservatives
head of state (executive and nonexecutive)
the chief representative of a political state
Shari'a
The code of law based on the Koran
Hausa-Fulani
the largest ethnic group that lives in northern Muslim Nigeria.
IMF
Short-term bailouts, Nigeria oil situation
Bureaucracy
N-elected workers and system employed by government for daily administration
Theocracy
a government ruled by or subject to religious authority
The Iron Curtain
Imaginary line dividing USSR-Soviet block from the West
Rentier state
its a term in poltiical science and international relations theory used to classify those states which derive all or a substantial portion of their national revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients
Shiite
A member of the branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the legitimate successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs.
Foundation of the Oppressed
established from the fortune of the shah and was designed to redistribute the wealth to the nation's poor.
Hundred flowers movement
Mao's short-lived policy of open debate and discussion late 50's.
Privitization
Shifting industry from govn't control to private ownership
World Bank
Run by the UN. Long-term investment and development
Constitutional engineering
the making of a new constitution
Yoruba
Another large group in the southwest of Nigeria. It is mostly Christian and many times acts as the mediator between the Igbo and HOusa-Fulani.
Imam
The Islamic leader of a mosque or community. In Iran's Shi'a faith, the imam is chosen by God to be the perfect example of the faith.
Consensus
everyone agrees
Great Leap Forward
Mao's economic reform 58-60
Black market
Is an illegal market that sells goods that are in short supply or better price without paying taxes, against government regulations.
left, right, and center
liberalism, conservativism, and everything between
Hezbollahis
Members of "The Party of God", an Iranian movement that happened during the Islamic Revolution. It's not a tightly structured organization, but a movement of loosely bound groups (most likely centered around a mosque).
Sunni
The branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad.
Khatami Mohammad Khatami
Iranian reformist President, former President of Iran (1997-2005)
Supreme Leader
he has the highest ranking political and relgious authority in the nation
Red Guard
Mao's (originally military) cultural army
Abiola
A Nigerian Yoruba businessman and politician. He ran for the presidency in 1993, and won, but was denied the opportunity to become President when the election results were annulled by a court during the regime of Babangida
Cultural revolution
Mao started the Cultural revolution. The communist party wanted power in the People's Republic of China and this caused conflict on a large scale which almost lead to war. Mao's power was decreasing after the Great leap Forward due to the struggles with Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. In 1969 Mao declared Cultural Revolution was ending.
Guanxi
"connections" informal paths to power. Who you knew meant how you moved up.
Democracy Wall
Brick wall on Xidan Street, Beijing and was the main focus for democratic rebellion.
Globalization
Trend toward more international trade, communications, and interaction
Political Culture
the generally accepted political traditions and beliefs of a society
Decentralization
Moving power from central govn't to local govn't and/or industry
Illiberal Democracy
should be a liberal democracy, but things aren't right, so it's not
Military coup
- a sudden overthrow of the government. In Nigeria this has happened many times with the ethnic unbalance between the Yoruba, Igbo and Housa Fulani.
House of Representatives
360 members ten selected from each of the 36 states, they serve 4 year terms. There process is just like the US, they pass bills etc..
iberal democracy / illiberal democracy
liberal democracies feature constitutionalprotections of individual rights from government power/ An illiberal democracy is a governing system in which although fairly free elections take place, citizens are cut off from real power due to the lack of civil liberties
Long March
Mao and communists' forced march in 1935. 6000 miles.
Cultural Revolution
Mao's cultural reform movement 66-76
Cadres
60 million in China. Mid-level (communist) party officials/members
Igbo
Nigeria's third largest group who are mostly Christian. They are located in the southeast part of Nigeria. This group has many conflicts with the Yoruba and at one point they tried to become a independent nation.
Legitimacy
popular acceptance of a governing regime or law as an authority
Babangida
a middle belt Muslim, who as general took power in 1985 and wanted a transition to democratic rule in Nigeria.
Ayatollah
This is the top position for Sh'ia Muslims. They are usually the leaders of their community and in Iran the Supreme Leader is always an ayatollah. They are not enlightened by God Himself, but by the Word of God. Women are also allowed to be given the rank of ayatollah.
Political Economy
Relationship between politics and the nation's financial desicions and politics
Mass line
Mao--communication would trickle down from leadership to people through party members, etc.
Plurality
You've gotten the most votes
Fourth Republic
the fourth democracy in Nigeria May 1999 lead by Obasanjo
Iron Rice Bowl
Mao's socialism/communism. cradle-to-the-grave govn't. oversight & provision
Guardian Council
An appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in Iran. 6 Islamic jurists and 6 jurists; they interpret the constitution, supervise the elections, and approve candidates for all positions.
levels of development
undeveloped, developing, developed; based on physical infrastructure, education of population, public health, etc.
Special Economic Zones
Government sanctioned regions for international business (Deng early 80's)
Fatwa
A religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar. Sometimes this opinion can be binding depending on the status of the scholar. In 2005, the present-day Supreme Leader of Iran issued a Fatwa that said that the production and use of nuclear weapons was against Islam and Iran isn't allowed to acquire them
Prebendalism
is the Nigerian corrupt way of life, everyday life includes bribery in many different ways
Khameini
chief Islamic leader of Iran
Deng XiaPing
Deng prominent Chinese revolutionary, politician, pragmatist and reformer and was a leader of the CPC and he developed socialism and Chinese economic reform as well as opening the global market. He turned China into a growing economy and rised the standard of living.
Ethnicity
ethnic affiliations or distinctiveness with common culture, religion, or race
Fragmentation
Tendency of systems and states to fall apart or divide under pressure
Jurist's Guardianship
a theory that Islam gives a jurists custodianship and guardianship over those who need it
4 Modernizations
Deng's plan for moving economy forward (AIDS)
Sustainable Development
Grow your own resources: cut down a forest, build a forest
Rejectionist vs. Assimilationist
a rejectionist is someone who rejects a proposed policy and a assimilationist is someone who participates in racial or cultural integration.
Dual rule
In the 1958 and 1961, this was an economic and social plan that changed china from agrarian economy dominated by farmers into modern, agricultural and industrialized communist society.
Transparency
The extent to which the workings and decision making of government are explained to citizens.
Consolidated Democracy
established democracy. has to do specifically with the stability of government.
Legitimacy
level of approval of government by the governed. (Consent of the governed.) Recognition by International community.
Collectivization
(Mao and Stalin) Taking private property etc. and making it communal
Totalitarianism
ideology based power (convincing people of something because of your influence over them)
Khomeini
fundamentalist religious leader of Iran (1979-89)
Assembly of Experts
86 clerics, and they are elected for 8 year terms. They are required to have a religious degree. Their 2 main jobs are choosing the Supreme Leader and acting as an Upper Chamber (review bills). They also have the right to dismiss the Supreme Leader if they deem him to be mentally unable to carry on.
Liberal Democracy
established and fully functional. broad-based, wide, free. (elections free, fair, comprehensive. constitution established, etc. accountability, literacy, good infrastructure.)
Authoritarianism
purely power politics (do what i say, when i say it because i'm the boss)

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