HPE 295 - Health & Fitness Winter 2006
Terms
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- Factors that affect one's joint flexibility include:
-
- amount of tissue adjacent to the joint
- the skin
- bony structure of the joint - Joint flexibility is important due to:
- Daily range of motion.
- Benefits of flexibility include:
-
- reduction of stress
- relief of muscle cramps
- prevention of injuries - Agonists are:
- Muscles that contract during the stretch.
- A stretch reflex is:
- Automatic contraction of the muscle being stretched.
- Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation is:
- a form of static stretching
- A goniometer is used for:
- Measuring flexibility
- Lower back pain is attributed to:
- excessive body weight and cigarette smoking
- Using bouncing motions to improve your range of motion is called:
- Ballistic stretching
- Flexibility is influenced by:
-
- Age
- Gender
- Physical activity - How many calories does one gram of fat contain?
- 9
- One gram of protein contains how many calories?
- 4
- Which of the following vitamins are considered antioxidants?
- C & E
- Which of the following vitamins are fat-soluble?
- A & E
- What is the function of a carbohydrate?
- the main source of energy for all body functions, and are necessary for the metabolism of other nutrients
- The building blocks of protein are called:
- Amino acids
- Dietary Fiber plays a positive role in possibly:
- Lowering cholesterol and reducing the chances of colon cancer
- An example of a complete protein are:
- animal flesh and a food containing all the essential amino acids
- Taking vitamin supplements would be highly recommended for the following populations:
- dieters, people over the age of 65, and smokers
- Carbohydrates are needed for instant energy. (T/F)
- True
- Minerals are needed on a daily basis in trace amounts. (T/F)
- True
- Vitamin B is considered an antioxidant. (T/F)
- False
- Proteins are considered macronutrients. (T/F)
- True
- A calorie is a measurement of heat. (T/F)
- True
- An incomplete protein contains all essential amino acids. (T/F)
- False
- Fats help synthesize vital cell transport. (T/F)
- True
- Palm oil is considered an unsaturated fat. (T/F)
- False
- Peanut oil is an example of a monounsaturated fat. (T/F)
- True
- Water acts as a medium for chemical reactions in the body. (T/F)
- True
- Amino acids
- chemical structures that form proteins
- Antioxidants
- compounds that block the oxidation of substances in food or the body
- botanicals (phytomedicinals)
- plants that are thought to have medicinal qualities (also called "herbs" and "phytomedicians")
- calorie
- short for "kilocalorie," which is the unit of measure for food energy; a calorie is the unit of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree centigrade
- carb loading
- the practice of increasing carbohydrate intake for six days before an event, while decreasing exercise duration
- complex carbohydrates
- polysaccharides, including starch and fiber
- Daily Values (DVs)
- nutritional guidelines for the ingestion of carbohyrdate, fat, saturated fat, cholesteral, sodium, potassium, and dietary fiber
- Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
- the replacement for the Recommended Dietary Allowance as the standards for presenting nutrient recommendations
- Enhanced Food
- food that has been modified and/or supplemented for the purpose of achieving or facilitating a health benefit
- essential nutrients
- nutrients that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied in the diet
- folate
- a vitamin B nutrient found primarily in leafy nutrients
- foodborne illness
- illness caused by ingestion of foods caused by toxic substances produced by microorganisms
- free radicals
- naturally produced chemicals that arise from cell activity
- functional foods
- foods that provide a specific health benefit above and beyond their inherent nutritional value
- Glycemic Index (GI)
- an assessement of food in terms of its ability to increase blood sugar in the two to three hours after eating
- hydrogenation
- the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acid to make it more saturated
- macronutrients
- nutrients required by the the body in large amounts; usually refers to energy nutrients: protein, fat, and carbohydrates
- micronutrients
- nutrients required by the body in small amounts; usually refers to vitamins and minerals
- minerals
- inorganic compounds in food necessary for good health
- monosaturated fat
- fatty acid composed of tryglycerides in which the carbon chain has room for two hydrogen atoms
- nutrient density
- the ratio of nutrients to calories; also called the "index of nutritional quality"
- phytochemicals
- plant chemicals that exist naturally in foods
- polyunsaturated fat
- fatty acid composed of triglycerides in which the carbon chain has room for four or more hydrogen atoms
- saturated fat
- a fatty acid composed of triglycerides in which all the fatty acids contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
- trans fatty acids
- saturated fat found in processed food that has been hydrogenated
- vitamins
- organic compounds in food necessary for good health
- vitamin supplements
- natural and synthetic compounds taken orally to supplement the vitamins consumed in food
- amenorrhea
- the cessation of menstrution
- body composition
- the amount of lean vs. fat tissue in the body
- body mass index (BMI)
- the ratio of body weight in kilograms to height in meters squared
- obesity
- an excessive amount of storage fat
- overfat
- may or may not be within normal guidelines for weight but with an excessive ratio of fat, compared with lean tissue
- overweight
- excessive weight for one's height without regard for body composition
- anorexia nervosa
- a serious illness of of deliberate self-starvation with profound psychiatric and physical compounds
- bariatric surgery
- surgery to reduce weight
- basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- the number of calories needed to sustain life
- binge-eating disorder
- the practice of eating large amounts of food in a short period of time
- Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
- a psychiatric disorder characterized by a preoccupation with perceived imperfections in physical appearance that cause the person to withdraw from social activities
- bulimia nervosa
- an eating disorder characterized by episodes of secretive binge eating and purging
- caloric deficit
- a deficit that occurs when the number of calories burned exceeds the number of calories consumed
- caloric expenditure
- calories expended by physical activity and metabolism
- calorie intake
- calories supplied by food
- diet resistance
- the ability to lose weight by dieting
- female athelete triad
- a condition characterized by disordered eating, lack of menstrual periods, and low age-adjusted bone density
- gastroplasty
- bariatic surgery performed to limit the size of the stomach
- hyperplasia
- an increase in the number of cells
- hypertrophy
- an increase in the size of organs and muscle tissue
- overcompensatory eating
- an eating pattern characterized by overconsumption of low-fat foods, which causes an increase in total caloric intake
- set point theory
- theory that the body has a preference for a maintaining a certain amount of weight and defends that weight quite vigorously
- thermic effect of food (TEF)
- the amount of energy required by the body to digest, absorb, metabolize, and store nutrients
- very low-calorie diet (VLCD)
- a diet containing fewer than 800 calories a day
- weight cycling
- a potentially harmful pattern of repeated weight loss and weight gain
- distress
- the form of stress that results in negative responses
- eustress
- stress judged as "good," positive stress or stress that contributes to positive outcomes
- general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
- a series of physiological changes that occur when a stressor is encountered; the GAS is conceived of as having three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
- physchoneuroimmuninology (PNI)
- the medical discipline whose philosophy rests on the connections among brain functions, the nervous system, and the body's response to infection and abnormal cell division
- stress
- the body's nonspecific response to any demands on it
- binge drinking
- consuming five or more drinks in a single session at least once during the previous two weeks, with the intent to become intoxicated
- reward deficiency syndrome
- a variety of disorders that have in common the traits of impulsiveness, addiction, and compulsiveness
- abstinence
- to completely refrain from engaging in a particular behavior
- chlamydia
- one of the most common sexually treated diseases
- cunnilingus
- oral sex performed on the female genitalia
- fellatio
- oral sex performed on the male genitalia (not necessarily your boyfriend, but sometimes he deserves it because he helps you a lot, a lot, a lot)
- genital warts
- warts on the genitalia (male or female)
- gonorrhea
- a bacterial disease that is sexually transmitted and can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including sterility and scarring of the heart valves
- hepatitis B
- one of five types of viral hepatitis; hepatitis B is one of the most serious types and can be transmitted sexually
- herpes simplex virus (HSV)
- the virus responsible for herpes genitalis, a sexually transmitted disease
- viral hepatitis
- an inflammation of of the liver caused by one or more viruses