AP Mod Vocab 1
Terms
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- Absolutism
- The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally
- Konrad Adenauer
- The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government
- Gustavus Adolphus
- Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles
- Alexander II
- Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local gov't
- Alexander III
- Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia
- Algerian Liberation Movement
- An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962
- Duke of Alva
- Military leader sent by Philip II to pacify the Low Countries
- Ancien regime
- France prior to the French Revolution
- Anschluss
- The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938
- Appeasement
- The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British Prime Minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland to Germany
- Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology
- The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with church teachings and Scriptures
- Armada
- Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England
- Army Order no. 1
- An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional gov't was formed in March 1917. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline.
- Article 231
- Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for WWI
- Atlantic Charter
- The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the Free World: self-determination, free choice of gov't; equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament
- Francis Bacon
- Inductive thinker who stressed experimentation in arriving at truth
- Vasco de Balboa
- First European to reach the Pacific Ocean
- Banalités
- Fees that French peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop, and winepress
- Baroque
- The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter-Reformation
- Bastille
- The political prison & armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of troops at Versailles
- Simone de Beauvoir
- An existentialist & feminist who has written on the psychology and social position of women
- Cesare Beccaria
- Author of Of Crime and Punishment
- Beer Hall Putsch
- Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall
- Jeremy Bentham
- British theorist & philosopher who proposed utilitarianism - the principle that gov'ts should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number
- Berlin Wall
- Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in August 1961 between West Berlin & East Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West
- Eduard Bernstein
- Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet - i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament & securing electoral victories for his party
- Bill of Rights
- Document declaring that sovereignty resided with the parliament
- Otto von Bismarck
- Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule
- Black Death
- The bubonic plague that struck Europe in the mid-fourteenth century and killed from one third to one half of the population before it ran its course after 1600
- Black Hand
- The Serbian secret society alleged to be responsible for assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand
- Black Shirts
- The private army of Mussolini
- Blank check
- Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria-Hungary in its conflict with Serbia
- Blitzkrieg
- A lightning war using planes, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantry to knock out the opponent swiftly
- Bolsheviks
- Left-wing, revolutionary Marxists headed by Lenin
- Boyar
- Russian noble
- Willy Brandt
- Chancellor of West Germany in the late 1960s; he sought to improve relations with the states of Eastern Europe
- Brethren of the Common Life
- Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living
- Leonid Brezhnev
- Soviet leader who helped oust and then replace Krushchev
- Brezhnev Doctrine
- Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need
- Brown Shirts
- Hitler's private army of supporters; so known as the SA