AP Biology terms for Chapter 20
Terms
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- DNA in which genes are from two different sources-often different species-are combined in vitro into the same molecule
- recombinant DNA
- the direct manipulation of genes for practical prtposes
- genetic engineering
- the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products
- biotechnology
- the production of multiple copies of a gene
- gene cloning
- a degradation enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA that is foreign to a bacterium
- restriction enzyme
- a diagram of a DNA molecule containing a recognition sequence
- restriction site
- a restriction enzyme cuts a DNA molecule in a reproducible way
- restriction fragments
- a single stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragments
- sticky end
- seals the stands by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds
- DNA ligase
- a DNA molecule that cn carry foreign DNA into a cell and replicate there
- cloning vector
- base pairing between a gene and a complementary sequence on another nucleic acid molecule
- nucleic-acid hybridization
- a short, single-stranded nucleic acid that can be either RNA or DNA
- nucleic acid probe
- separation of two strands
- denaturation
- a cloning vector that contains the requisite prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a resriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted
- expression vector
- each DNA molecule produced carries the complete coding sequence for a gene but no introns
- complementary DNA or cDNA
- combine the essentials of a eukaryotic chromosme-an origin for DNA replication, a centromere, and two telomeres-with foreign DNA
- yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs)
- apply a brie electrical pulse to a solution containing cells
- electroporation
- the complete set of thousands of recombinant plasmid clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the initial genome
- genomic library
- a limited gene library using complementary DNA. The library includes only the genes that were transcribed in the cells examined
- cDNA library
- a thechnique by which any piece of DNA can be quickly amplified (copied many times)without using cells
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions
- genomics
- the separation of nuclei acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel
- gel electrophoresis
- a hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a sample of DNA
- Southern Blotting
- differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different restriction fragment patterns turn out to be scattered abundantly throughout genomes
- restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)
- an effort to map the entire human genome, ultimately by determining the complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA of each human chromosome
- Human Genome Project
- a DNA mapping technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and "walks" along the chromosomal DNA from that locus
- chromosome walking
- an artificial version of a bacterial chromosome that can carry inserts of 100,000 to 500,000 base pairs
- bacterial artificial chromosome (BACs)
- tiny amounts of a large number of single-stranded DNA fragments representing different genes are fixed to a glass slide in a tightly spaced array
- DNA microarray assays
- a technique that can be uses to introduce specific changes into the sequence of a couned gene
- in vitro mutagenesis
- synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gen to trigger breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA
- RNA interference (RNAi)
- systematic study of the full protein sets (proteomes)encoded by genomes
- proteomics
- the applcation of computer science and mathematics to genetic and other biological information
- bioinformatics
- single base-pair variations in the genome
- single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
- the alteration of an afflicted individual's genes
- gene therapy
- a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to fight the pathogen
- vaccine
- specific pattern of bands, that is of forensic use
- DNA fingerprint
- individuals have different amounts of time repeated at one genome locus
- simple tandem repeats (STRs)
- genomes carry genes from another species
- transgenic organisms
- a plasmid of a tumor-introducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant
- Ti plasmid
- an organism that has aquired one or more genes by artificial means
- genetically modified (GM) organisms