Bio 180 final
Terms
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- reciprocal cross
- switch male and female
- test cross
- cross with individual with all recessive traits to reveal unknown genotype of other individual
- multiple allelism
- more then 2 alleles code for the same gene
- polymorphic
- different combinations of alleles produce more then 2 phenotypes
- pleiotropy
- one gene affects more then one trait
- epistatic
- presence of other genes affects the phenotype
- polygenic
- each gene contributes a little to the phenotype
- 5 types of species interactions and its +/-/0 effects
- competition -/- parasitism -/+ mutualism +/+ commensalism +/0 symbiotic 0/0
- Darwins postulates
- Variation in fitness Variation in phenotypes variation must be heritable reproduction and success must not be random and depend on genotype
- regression towards the mean is caused by what?
- blending inheritance
- Evidence for coevolution
- multiple independent origins of traits
- After severe disturbance where there is nothing but rock
- Primary succession
- after mild disturbance, with some left over soil
- secondary succession
- succession is affected by
- species traits, species interactions, historical and environmental context
- Species diversity hypothesis
- Time since disturbance, Intermediate disturbance, high productivity, Energy
- Time since disturbance definition
- tropical regions have been ice free for longer
- intermediate disturbance theory
- mid-successional environments have more species diversity because they have both early and late successional species
- high productivity
- areas around the equator have high productivity of NPP thus more biomass for greater species diversity, more biomass could also increase available niches
- Energy theory
- as mean temperature increases so does metabolism and the available energy for diversification
- min, max and average number of trophic levels
- 1-6, 3.5
- Trophic level: Energy transfer theory
- energy is lost as you go up tropic levels thus, its not efficient to have tons of levels
- tropic level: stability theory
- disturbances disrupt food chains and longer food chains take longer to reset
- tropic level: environmental complexity theory
- more complex the more tropic levels, and since there is a limited complexity, there is a limit on tropic levels
- 3 fossil types
- cast, compression and permineralization
- paleozoic
- 550-250mya, origin and diversification of life, pt extinction
- mesozoic
- 250-65.5mya, flowering plants, dinosaurs, mammals, K-pg extinction
- cenozoic
- 65.5mya to present, humans, ice age
- 2 factors that trigger adaptive radiation
- morphological innovation and ecological opportunity
- Lytic cycle
- replication of virus, kills host cell
- lysogenic cycle
- transmission of DNA into daughter cells, delayed, can turn into lytic cycle
- 3 species concepts and description
- Biological: based on reproductive isolation Morphological: Distinct morphologies Phylogenetic: smallest monophyletic group on a tree of populations
- mechanisms of coexistence
- niche differentiation resource partitioning character displacement(leads to adaptation)
- defense mechanism that is always there
- constitutive
- conditional defense mechanism
- inducible
- herbivore-plant consumption hypotheses (reasons why herbivores don't eat more plants)
- H1: top down-predators control herbivore populations H2:Poor nutrient-plants dont have a lot of nutrients so herbivores have small clutch numbers H3:Plant defenses