CogPsych Chap 5-8
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Memory
- the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present
- recall
- producing a fact, a word, or other item from memory
- recognition
- selecting or otherwise identifying an item as being one that you learned previously
- explicit memory
- participants engage in conscious recollection
- implicit memory
- using information but are not consciously aware that we are doing so
- sensory store
- capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for very brief periods
- short-term store
- capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods but also of relatively limited capacity
- long-term store
- large cpacity, capable of storing information for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
- hypothetical constructs
- concepts that are not themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for understanding how a psychological phenomenon works
- iconic store
- a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods
- working memory
- holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long-term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
- visuospatial sketchpad
- briefly holds some visual images
- phonological loop
- briefly holds inner speech for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal
- central executive
- both coordinates attentional activities and governs responses
- episodic buffer
- a limited capacity system that is capable of binding information from the subsidiary systems and from long-term memory into a unitary episodic representation.
- semantic memory
- stores general world knowledge
- episodic memory
- stores personally experienced events or episodes
- prime
- a node that activates a connected node
- hypermnesia
- a process of producting retrieval of memories that would have seem to have been forgotten
- retrograde amnesia
- can occur fairly commonly when someone sustains a concussion
- infantile amnesia
- the inability to recall events that happened when we were very young
- anterograde amnesia
- the inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event
- Alzheimer's disease
- a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss
- mneomonist
- someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement
- amnesia
- a severe loss of explicit memory
- levels-of-processing framework
- postulates that memory does no comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores but rather varies along a continuous dimension in terms of detph of encoding
- Encoding
- how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory
- storage
- how you retain endcoded information in memory
- retrieval
- how you gain access to information stored in memory
- consolidation
- the process of integrating new information into stored information
- metamemory strategies
- involve reflecting on our own memory processes with a view to improving our memory
- metacognition
- our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and ways of enhancing our thinking
- rehearsal
- the repeated recitation of an item
- distributed practice
- learning in which various sessions are spaced over time
- massed practice
- learning in which sessions are crammed together in a very short space of time
- mnemonic devices
- specific techniques to help you memorize lists of words
- availability
- the presence of information stored in long-term memory
- accessibility
- the degree to which we can gain access to the available information
- interference
- occurs when competing information causes us to forget something
- decay
- occurs when simply the passage of time causes us to forget
- interference theory
- refers to the view that forgetting occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words
- retroactive interference
- is caused by activity occuring after we learn something but before we are asked to recall that thing
- proactive interference
- occurs when the interfering material occurs before, rather than after, learning of the to be remembered material
- recency effect
- refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list
- primacy effect
- refers to superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list
- decay theory
- asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disapperance, rather than displacement, of the memory trace
- reconstructive
- involving the use of various strategies
- constructive
- prior experience affects how we recall things and what we actually recall from memory
- autobiographical memory
- refers to memory of an individual's history
- flashbulb memory
- memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film
- encoding specificty
- what is recalled depends on what is encoded
- knowledge representation
- the form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on that exist outside your mind
- declaritive knowledge
- knowledge of facts that can be stated
- procedural knowledge
- knowledge of procedures that can be implemented
- symbolic representation
- meaning the relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary
- imagery
- the mental representation of things that are not currently being sensed by the sense organs
- functional-equivalence- hypothesis
- although visual imagery is not identical to visual perception, it is functionally equivalent to it
- mental rotation
- involves rotationally transforming an object's visual mental image
- dual-code theory
- suggesting that knowledge is represented both in images and in symbols
- propositional theory
- suggesting that knowledge is represented only in underlying propositions, not in the form of images of or words and other symbols
- mental models
- knowledge structures that individuals construct to understand and explain their experiences
- cognitive maps
- internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships
- analogue codes
- a form of knowledge representation that preserves the main perceptual features of whatever is being represented for the physical stimuli we observe in our environment