USMA PL100 WPR #3
Terms
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- Three key processes involved in memory
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Encoding
Storage
Retrieval - Involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
- Storage
- Involes recovering information from memory stores.
- Retrieval
- Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
- Attention
- Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
- Elaboration
- holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall.
- dual-coding theory
- preserves information in its original form for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second.
- Sensory memory
- Process involving the selective turning up of one kind of sensory input, while turning down the others.
- Sensory Gating
- involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli within one sensory channel.
- Selective Attention
- a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds.
- Short-term memory
- the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information.
- maintenance rehearsal
- The removal of some information from working memory as new information comes in.
- Displacement
- a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit.
- chunk
- an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
- Long-term memory
- the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
- Clustering
- consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
- semantic network
- the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
- Spontaneous recovery
- occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original.
- stimulus generalization
- occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
- stimulus discrimination
- Aquiring Operant Conditioning
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-Continuous reinforcement
-Shaping - Maintaining Operant Conditioning
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-Periodic Positive/Negative reinforcement
-Reinforcement Schedules - Stopping or modifying Operant conditioning
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positive/negative punishment
extinction - Maintaining Classical Conditioning
- Periodically pair UCS and CS
- Stopping or modifying Classical Conditioning
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Extinction
Counter Conditioning - Types of reinforcement schedules
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Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
Variable Interval - occurs when an animal's innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes.
- Instinctive drift
- Acquiring observational learning
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Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
Choosing a model
-Social Power
-Avoidance of punishment
-Vicarious Reinforcement
-Status Envy
-Secondary Reinforcer
-Similarity to Learner - maintaining observational learning
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Reinforcement
-Direct
-Vicarious
-Intrinsic - Stopping or modifying observational learning
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Provide new model
Punishment
-direct
-vicarious - Problem solving steps
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1.Recognize and define the problem
2.Gather information relative to the problem
3.List possible solutions
4.Test possible solutions
5.Select the best solution
6.Implement the solution - Barriers in problem solving
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1.ill defined problems
2.irrelevant information
3.functional fixedness
4.mental set
5.Anchoring
6.Unnecessary constraints - Ways to approach problems
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incubation
brainstorming
forming subgoals - Possible outcomes in signal-detection theory.
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Hit
Miss
Correct Rejection
False Alarm - Effective use of punishment
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-Swift application
-consistency of punishment
-reduce of eliminate physical punishment
-explain the punishment
-alternative response available
-make punishment just severe enough to be effective - Elaborative Rehearsal techniques
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Mnemonics
Context
Imagery
Meaning
Organization - Occurs when people forget information because of competition from other material.
- Interference
- A memory problem that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
- proactive interference
- A memory problem that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
- Retroactive interference