Middle ages
Terms
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- an outbreak of bubonic plague that was pandemic throughout Europe and much of Asia in the 14th century
- black death
- one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century
- vikings
- the national legislature of various countries made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons
- parliament
- type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
- gothic style
- barbarian people, perhaps Finnish in origin, who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain
- magyars
- struggle between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe over the latter's presentation of the symbols of office to churchmen
- investiture controversy
- 1000-1300 C.E.
- Central (High) Middle Ages
- often Pope Roman Catholic Church; the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church on earth
- papacy
- a person who held land from a feudal lord and received protection in return for homage and allegiance
- vassal
- the body of officially established rules governing the faith and practice of the members of a Christian church
- canon law
- in France in the early 1860s to describe the wars between England and France from 1337 to 1453
- Hundred Years' War
- a member of a usually mendicant Roman Catholic order
- friars
- a loosely federated European political entity that began with the papal coronation of the German king Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until Francis II's renunciation of the title at the instigation of Napoleon in 1806
- holy roman empire
- the religious practice in which one renounces worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work
- Monasticism
- derived from the contemporary term used for a medieval mounted warrior or knight, chevalier
- chivalry
- a political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture
- fuedalism
- a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
- Great Schism
- the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church
- Council of Constance
- advice representatives of all 3 classes of french society: clergy, nobles, townspeople
- estates general
- the oath sworn by the tenant to be faithful to his lord
- oath of fealty
- document guaranteeing English political liberties, drafted at Runnymede, a meadow by the Thames, and signed by King John in 1215 under pressure from his rebellious barons
- magna carta
- a formal ecclesiastical censure that deprives a person of the right to belong to a church
- excommunicate
- following a disagreement between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip the Fair of France, a French pope, Clement V, was elected. Within four years, civil unrest in Rome and riots between rival factions drove him to take shelter with a Dominican order in Avignon
- Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity)
- the dominant western Christian theological and philosophical school of the Middle Ages, based on the authority of the Latin Fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators
- Scholasticism
- an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards
- guilds
- 1300-1500 C.E.
- late middle ages
- Roman Catholic Church; an ecclesiastical censure that excludes a person or district from participation in most sacraments and from Christian burial
- interdict
- a manor was a parcel of land granted by the king to a lord or other high ranking person
- Manor (manorialism)
- the system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written laws
- common law
- christian kingdoms in North Africa who drove muslims from Iberian Peninsula
- reconquista
- a tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy
- inquisition
- beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by Western Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion
- crusades
- Italian monk who as founder of the Benedictine order (c. 529) is considered the patriarch of Western monasticism
- Benedict of Nursia
- Roman Catholic Church; an ecclesiastical censure that excludes a person or district from participation in most sacraments and from Christian burial
- hearsy
- a member of the lowest feudal class, attached to the land owned by a lord and required to perform labor in return for certain legal or customary rights
- serf
- 500-1000 C.E.
- Early Middle Ages
- Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800
- Charlemagne
- a vassal's source of income, granted to him by his lord in exchange for his services
- fief