Middle Age
Terms
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- Monasticism
- the religious practice in which one renounces worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work
- Crusades
- beginning in the late 11th century, that were organized by Western Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion
- Magyars
- barbarian people, perhaps Finnish in origin, who migrated into southern Europe, and in the early 10th century ad occupied Hungary, from where their horsemen raided into France, Italy, Germany, and even Spain
- Canon law
- the body of officially established rules governing the faith and practice of the members of a Christian church
- Gothic Style
- type of European architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by flying buttresses, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
- Feudalism
- a political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture
- Heresy
- an opinion or a doctrine at variance with established religious beliefs, especially dissension from or denial of Roman Catholic dogma by a professed believer or baptized church member
- Holy Roman Empire
- a loosely federated European political entity that began with the papal coronation of the German king Otto I as the first emperor in 962 and lasted until Francis II's renunciation of the title at the instigation of Napoleon in 1806
- Serf
- a member of the lowest feudal class, attached to the land owned by a lord and required to perform labor in return for certain legal or customary rights
- Friars
- a member of a usually mendicant Roman Catholic order
- Excommunicate
- a formal ecclesiastical censure that deprives a person of the right to belong to a church
- Scholasticism
- the dominant western Christian theological and philosophical school of the Middle Ages, based on the authority of the Latin Fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators
- Late Middle Ages
- 1300-1500 C.E.
- Fief
- a vassal's source of income, granted to him by his lord in exchange for his services
- Chivalry
- derived from the contemporary term used for a medieval mounted warrior or knight, chevalier
- Manor (manorialism)
- a manor was a parcel of land granted by the king to a lord or other high ranking person
- Early Middle Ages
- 500-1000 C.E.
- Great Schism
- a period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office
- Benedict of Nursia
- Italian monk who created a set of rules for Western monasteries in the 6th century
- Inquisition
- a tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy
- Black Death
- an outbreak of bubonic plague that was pandemic throughout Europe and much of Asia in the 14th century
- Guilds
- an association of persons of the same trade or pursuits, formed to protect mutual interests and maintain standards
- Interdict
- Roman Catholic Church; an ecclesiastical censure that excludes a person or district from participation in most sacraments and from Christian burial
- Investiture Controversy
- struggle between the papacy and the secular rulers of Europe over the latter's presentation of the symbols of office to churchmen
- Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity)
- following a disagreement between Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip the Fair of France, a French pope, Clement V, was elected. Within four years, civil unrest in Rome and riots between rival factions drove him to take shelter with a Dominican order in Avignon
- Hundred Years' War
- in France in the early 1860s to describe the wars between England and France from 1337 to 1453
- Oath of Fealty
- the oath sworn by the tenant to be faithful to his lord
- Central (High) Middle Ages
- 1000-1300 C.E.
- Charlemagne
- Frankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 800
- Council of Constance
- the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church
- Magna Carta
- document guaranteeing English political liberties, drafted at Runnymede, a meadow by the Thames, and signed by King John in 1215 under pressure from his rebellious barons
- Estates General
- advice representatives of all 3 classes of french society: clergy, nobles, townspeople
- Vikings
- one of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century
- Vassal
- a person who held land from a feudal lord and received protection in return for homage and allegiance
- Parliament
- the national legislature of various countries made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons
- Papacy
- often Pope Roman Catholic Church; the bishop of Rome and head of the Roman Catholic Church on earth
- Reconquista
- christian kingdoms in North Africa who drove muslims from Iberian Peninsula
- Common Law
- the system of laws originated and developed in England and based on court decisions, on the doctrines implicit in those decisions, and on customs and usages rather than on codified written laws