Human Biology Final
Terms
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- Liver
-
-produces bile
-cover fat molecules (emulsification) - Mouth
-
-mechanical breakdown
-digestion begins
-enzyme in saliva that digests carbohydrates - Esophagus
-
-muscular tube
-smooth muscle
-esophagus connects to the stomach
-acid reflux - Peristalsis
- push food down
- Stomach
-
-food storage
-pH of 2 (acid)
-lined in mucus
-mucus protects
-digestion of proteins
-regulates rate of delivery - Small intestines
-
-villi
-folds in intestines
-absorption of proteins
-small molecules
-digestions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
-fat is harder to digest - Accessory organs aid the small intestines
-
-liver
-gall bladder
-pancreas - Pancreas
-
-produces digestive enzymes
-produces a neutralizer - Gall Bladder
- stores bile
- What are the proteins?
-
amino acids-carbs
monosachrides-lipids - What is olestra?
-
-pretend fat molecules, 7 fatty acid tails
-it tastes like fat
-it can cause digestive problems - what are ulcers?
-
-breaking in lining of stomach or small intestines
-mucus gets bypassed
-bacterial infection
-cure with antibiotics - Pancreas and blood sugar
-
-glucagon(Up blood sugar)
-insulin(down blood sugar) - Normal blood sugar levels
- -it rises after you eat it then it goes lower then the insulin kicks in
- What is diabetes?
- It's a disease in which blood sugars levels tend to be high.
- Type I Diabetes
-
-not common, less than 10%
-juvinile, autoimmune disorder
-their immune system attacks the pancreas
-deficient insuline production - Type II-Diabetes
-
-late onset/adult diabetes
-cells become resistant to insuline
-blood sugar level gets out of wack
-cells are resistant to insuline - What is the outcome from diabetes?
-
-symptoms-peeing a lot, take blood sugar level, overweight, dizziness, blurred vision
long-term-heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, nervous system, circulation, amputation - What are some long term problems associated with low-carb diets
-
-hard on kidney/liver
-high cholesterol - What are the parts to the uninary system
-
2-kidney
-ureter(2)(ducts that close off)
-bladder
-urethra-leaves the body - Bladder
- stores urine
- Kidney
- filters the blood, pumps out urethra poetin, keeps the pH constant, monitors blood volume, Vitamin D, salt balance
- Problems with the urinary tract
-
-kidney stones-stones get stuck in vessiles
-UTI's - Urethra
-
-allows urine to leave the body
-it's much shorter in males which is why women get more
-baceterial infections(E. Coli) - How many chromosomes are there in humans?
-
-23 pairs
-23 from mom, 23 from dad
-1 pair of sex chromosomes - Male and Female chromosomes
-
xy-male-determines the sex
xx-female-has more of say if the kid will be bald or colorblind - Gonads
-
-testes
-ovary - Gametes
-
sperm
egg - Male Reproductive system
-
-scrotum
-testes (2)
-epididymis(2)
-Vas Deferens(2)
-Urethra
-penis
-glands (2pairs, 1 single) - Testes
- -tube sytem where sperm and testosterone is produced
- Epdidymis
- lie on top of the testes, where sperm is stored
- Vas deferens
-
-ducts that lead away from the testes
-where sperm leaves the body
-cuts off the sperm - Male cycle of testosterone
-
highest in the morning-lower in the afternoon
-response to challenge
-hourly fluctuation - Female reproduction structure
-
-ovaries(2)
-fallopian tube(2)
-uterus(1)
cervix
-vagina
-volva(2)
-clitoris - Ovary
- Estrogen is produced and eggs develope
- oviduct
-
-where the egg gets released(fallopian tube)
-where egg gets fertilized - Uterus
-
-where a fertilized egg developes
-site of implantation - Vagina
- birth canal
- Egg formation
-
-eggs mature once a month
-ovluation is when eggs are released - Fate of the egg
-
-leaves the body or reabsorbed
-fertilization - Fertilization
-
-zygote-fertilized egg
-immplantation - Birth control
-
sterilization-tubes tied(fallopian or Vas)
hormonal-pill, Nuva ring, patch
Barrier-condom - Yeast infection
-
-not usually sexually transmitted
-Fungus
-normal flora leads to an infection
-yogurt helps
-itchiness adn redness can be a discharge - Trichomoniasis
-
-protozoan
-infects the vagina
-incubation-5 days to a few weeks
-frothy discharge, irritation - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(PID)
-
-bacterial infection
-symptoms include fever, unsual vaginal discharge, painful intercourse or urination
-causes infertility - Chlamydia
-
-most common bacterial infection
-incubation: 1-3 weeks
-burning during urination, discharge PID
-most people have no symptoms - Gonorrhea
-
-bacterial
-Incubation-2-6 weeks
similar to Chlamydia and PID
-can get into throat, eyes, meniges - Syphilis
-
-bacterial
-sexually transmitted
-incubation 3 weeks
-3 stages
-cardiovascular and dementia can happen later - What are the 3 stages of Syphilis?
-
Primary-2-6 weeks
Secondary-several weeks later
Tertiary-months to years - Herpes
-
-Type I and II
-transmitted skin to skin
-Incubation-few days-2 weeks
-tingling and blisters, reoccuring outbreaks
-incurable - Papilloma Virus (HPV)
-
-over 30 viruses
-most common STI
-skin to skin contact
-incubation-1-3 months even years
-less than 1% have symptoms
-causes cervical cancer
-no tests for men - HIV
-
-Retrovirus
-transmission through sharing needles, sexual contact and blood transfusions - What does HIV target
-
CD4 or Helper T cells
AIDS- <200 mm - What is biodiversity
- Diversity within and between all living things on this planet
- Why is biodiversity important?
-
-human value-clothes, food, oxygen...
-Stewardship-given a gift of the world
-spiritual and religios value
-pyschological value - What threatens biodiversity?
- meteors, temperature changes, humans
- What are some problems humans pose?
-
-introduction of species
-overexploitation-over-hunting and fishing
pollution
-habitat degredation
-climate change causes changes to animals(ex. McDonalds)