GRE Psych Subject Test Psychologists & Theories
Terms
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- Edward Titchener
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Broke consciousness down into elements or specific mental structures
Sensations and thoughts are structures as well - Edward Hall
- Studied proxemics, the measureable distance between people as they interacted
- Aaron Beck
- Cognitive therapy for depression that aims to replace negative or irrational thoughts with more reasonable, adaptive ones
- Albert Bandura
- Social learning theory that states we learn behavior through vicarious reinforcement
- Julian Rotter
- Internal/external loci of control
- Erik Erickson
- In a psychoanalytic and psychosocial framework, he expanded Freud's theories to cover entire lifespan
- John Garcia
- The Garcia Effect states that different species have innate predispositions to learn different thing in different ways
- Albert Ellis
- Rational-emotive therapy states that irrational beliefs about self impair goal attainment and aims to repair those beliefs
- Karen Horney
- Devised theory that personality governed by one of ten needs
- Martin Seligman
- Learned helplessness theory of depression
- Howard Gardner
- Theory of multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical/math, spatial, musical, bodily, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
- McClelland & Rumelhart
- Parallel distributed processing views cognition and behavior as an interconnected network of simple units
- Raymond Cattell
- Theorized fluid versus crystallized intelligence
- Gordon Allport
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Cardinal, central, and secondary traits are responsible for behavior and personality.
Functional Autonomy
Idiographic vs. nomothetic - David McClelland
- Need for Achievement
- Herman Witkin
- Field dependence
- Darley & Latane
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Studied social influence and diffusion of responsibility in altruism/bystander intervention
Pluralistic ignorance - Walter Cannon
- Studied autonomic nervous system
- Arthur Jensen
- Argued that intelligence as measured by IQ tests is almost entirely genetic. Also focused on differences in IQ scores across race.
- Leon Festinger
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Cognitive Dissonance--conflict when attitudes not in sync with behavior.
Minimal justification effect - Klein, Winnicott, Mahler & Kernberg
- Object-relations theory
- Louis Thurstone
- Identified 7 primary mental abilities as measure of intelligence
- Robert Zajonc
- Emission of dominant responses/mere exposure effect
- Herman Ebbinghaus
- Method of Savings
- Noam Chomsky
- Best known for work on generative and transformational grammar
- David Rosenhan
- Investigated effects of being labeled mentally ill by being admitted into psychiatric hospital, though otherwise normal
- Ewald Hering
- Opponent-process theory of color vision
- Thomas Szasz
- The Myth of Mental Illness. Mental disorders are disorders because they differ from the social norm.
- Kurt Lewin
- Leadership styles: Autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire
- AR Luria
- Studied numerous neurological disorders such as aphasia
- James Stoner
- Group polarization: tendency for group discussion to enhance group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution
- Eagly
- Gender differences not due to gender per se, but differing social roles
- Muzafer Sherif
- Robber's Cave Experiment: Goals best obtained thru intergroup cooperation. Dramatically improves intergroup relations.
- George Sperling
- Devised partial-report procedure for studying the limits of memory and recall
- Keller & Breland
- Instinctual Drift
- Young & Helmhotz
- Trichromatic theory of color vision states that cones have red, blue, and green receptors. Ratio of activity determines color.
- John Locke
- Tabula rasa: the mind is a blank slate at birth
- Niko Tinbergen
- Introduced experimental methods into natural animal habitats
- Philip Zimbardo
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Prison simulation. Found that people are more likely to commit antisocial acts if they feel anonymous.
Deindividuation - Irving Janis
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Groupthink: tendency of decision making groups to strive for consensus by ignoring discordant info
Risky shift: group decisions are riskier than the average of individual choices.
Value hypothesis