Bio. Anthropology
Terms
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- AIDS
- is a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans
- antigens
- foriegn substances in the body
- phagocytes Aka: Macrophage
- are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells
- Virus
- infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell.
- Sickled Red Blood Cell (sickle shape)
- blood cells get sickled when oxygen is depleted too much. Causes: over exertion, altitude
- polygenic trait
- Polygenic traits are traits that are controlled by more than one gene, ie. height, weight, hair color, skin color
- HIV
- HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects vital organs of the human immune system such as CD4+ T cells (a subset of T cells), macrophages and dendritic cells. It directly and indirectly destroys CD4+ T cells.[8] CD4+ T cells are required for the proper functioning of the immune system. When HIV kills T-4 cells so that there are fewer than 200 T cells of blood, cellular immunity is lost.
- ABO blood
- One of the protiens found on the surface of red blood cells. Consists of one gene w/ 3 alleles-A,B, and O
- myelin
- Myelin is an electrically-insulating phospholipid layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons
- antibodies
- protiens that the body makes to destroy foriegn substances (antigens)
- co-dominant
- two different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous individual., When both phenotypes appear in heterozygous individuals; Examples: Blood type A crossd with B = type AB
- balanced polymorphism
- Maintenance of two or more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote
- sickle-cell disease
- A point mutation occurs, red blood cells change shape, get wider, plug up entrance through capilaries. Oxygen can't get through
- Human diets today compared to the past
- .
- epidemiology
- study of epidemics in populations (quantitive)
- homozygous Hb a Hb a or Hb A Hb A
- (Basically meaning of the same alleles) at a specific locus when it carries two identical copies of the gene affecting a given trait on the two corresponding homologous chromosomes (e.g., the genotype is PP or pp when P and p refer to different possible alleles of the same gene). Such a cell or such an organism is called a homozygote
- Normal Red Blood Cell
- donut shape
- behavioral diseases
- .
- heterozygous
- it describes an individual that has 2 different alleles for a trait. In diploid organisms, the two different alleles were inherited from the organism's two parents.
- list alleles, genotype,and phenotypes associated w/ABO bld grp
- Alleles: A, B, O Genotypes: AA, AO >Phenotype -A Genotype: BB, BO >Phenotype B Genotype:OO > Phenotype O Genotype:AB >Phenotype AB
- list alleles, genotype,and phenotypes associated w/Rh bld grp
- Alleles: Rh+, Rh - Genotypes:Rh+ DD, dd Phenotypes>Rh+ Genotypes in Rh-: dd Phenotype>Rh-
- population
- A group or community that is identifiable within a species
- genotype
- the actual genetic makeup of an organism for a particular trait. Inherted by parents
- point mutation
- A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the change of a single base to a different base; the difference between the Hb a and Hb s is onlyfound in codon #6 in DNA
- Red blood cell
- Hemoglobins: primary function is to carry oxygen
- enviroment that might influence the various phenotypes of : polygenic traits & monogenic traits
- .
- Which phenotypes of the Rh blood group is the "universal donor", which is the "universal recipent" ? Why?
- .
- stages of human growth
- consists of numerous identifiable events:Conception, Embryonic, Fetal, Childhood, Adulthood, Senescence, Exitus
- racism
- attitudes that classify a person as better or worse on the basis of his or her ethnic or cultural heritage;on the basis of polygenic traits
- phenotype
- Is a direct product of a genotype;the expression of the gene
- monogenic trait
- caused by a single gene locus;one allele inherted from each parent. Phenotype NOT effected by enviroment (Useful in the study of populations)
- epidemiological transitions occuring from 1900-2000
- .
- Malaria
- Caused by a protozoa from the genus Plasmodium ; Humans are infected w/ the malaria parasite via a female mosquito
- genetic polymorphism
- the maintenance of two or alleles in a population
- Rh blood
- The Rh factor genetic information is also inherited from our parents, but it is inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles. There are 2 different alleles for the Rh factor known as Rh+ and Rh-.
- alleles
- various types of genes
- genetic markers
- monogenic traits in which the genotype is known (used in study of populations)
- adaptability
- the ability to make positive anatomical or physiological changes after exposure to stressful enviromental conditions
- pathogens
- disease causing agents
- Evolution of Language
- .
- heterozygous advantage ( Hb a Hb s genotype)
- In a Malaria stricken enviroment the heterozygote person will have the advantage
- T-cell
- the T-cell "tags" the anitgens, sends a signal to create antibodies
- biomedical anthropology
- anthropology concerned with issues of health and illness
- sexual selection and human behavior
- .
- Virus life cycle
- the process by which cells take in material from the external environment. Frequently after a chance collision with an appropriate surface receptor on a cell, the virus penetrates the cell, the viral genome is released from the capsid and host polymerases begin transcribing viral mRNA. New virions are assembled and released either by cell lysis or by budding off the cell membrane.
- Function of the Macrophage
- Their role is to engulf and then digest cellular debris and pathogens, and to stimulate other immune cells to respond to the pathogen