Sociology Exam--2
Terms
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- people working the same job need to be paid the same wage
- Fair Pay Act
- behavior of an individual or group that some people in society find offensive
- Deviance
- 3 Components of Deviance
- -some behavioral expectation is held -violations of the normative behavioral expectation -societal reaction to the deviance
- Deviance that rests on the assumption that all behavior can be inherently good or inherently bad
- Absolutism
- Deviance is socially created by collective human judgments
- Relativism
- Social Institutions are structured to maintain stability and order in society; deviance exists only to serve a function in society
- Structural-Functionalist Perspective
- Deviance occurs when culturally approved goals cannot be achieved by culturally approved means-Prostitution(Merton-1957)
- Strain Theory
- People are rational decision makers so they consider the benefits and costs of deviant behavior before acting
- Deterrence Theory
- Deviance is the consequence of the applications of rules and sanctions to an offender (child molester)
- Labeling Theory
- Views the structure of society as a source of inequality that benefits some groups at the expense of other groups
- Conflict Perspective
- Framework of social institutions which adds order to our lives
- Social Structure
- Potential for a society\'s long-term ruin due to individual\'s tendency to pursue their own short term interests
- Social Dilemma
- People acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources; creating disaster for the future
- Tragedy of the Commons
- Tendency of people to refrain from contributing to the common good when resources are available
- Free Rider Problem
- Large hierarchical organization governed by formal rules and regulations
- Bureaucracy
- Specialization of different people or groups in different tasks
- Division of Labor
- Process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life
- McDonaldization
- Ranking system for groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society
- Stratification
- Group of people who share a similar economic position in society
- Social Class
- Movement of people or groups from one class to another
- Social Mobility
- Barriers(Money) limit mobility out of certain classes from one generation to another; can take ____ generations to erase advantages or diadvantages in one\'s family
- Generation Mobility
- Pay based on importance vs. importance based on pay
- Circular Argument
- Owns the means of production
- Capitalist
- People in lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them
- False Consciousness
- In modern societies, two major classes emerge - Capitalist and Proletariat
- Karl Marx
- Lifestyle associated with different positions or groups in society (MAX WEBER)
- Socioeconomic status
- Government calculation of the amount yearly income a family needs to meet based needs; based on family size and income
- Poverty Line
- Poverty Numbers in 2006
- Annual income of family of four - $20,444 due to raising in housing expenses
- Inability to affor the minimal requirements for sustaining a reasonably healthy existence
- Absolute Poverty
- Varies across cultures and different times; category of people labeled and treated as similar based on biological traits
- Race
- Sense of community that derives from cultural heritage shared by a category of people with common ancestry
- Ethnicity
- Belief that a certain trait characterizes all members of some group
- Stereotype
- Unfavorable attitudes and feelings about members of a different group based on social characteristic
- Prejudice
- Unfair TREATMENT based on some social characteristic
- Discrimination
- The race of a society\'s majority to be so obvious, normative, that is becomes (invisible); white privelege
- Racial Transparency
- Individual expression of racist behaviors
- Personal Racism
- Laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial and ehtnic inequalities in a society
- Institutional Racism
- Black males are best athletes
- Myth of the Superior Black Athlete
- Program designed to seek members of a minority for positions from which they had been previously excluded; OVERCOME INSTITUTIONAL RACISM
- Affirmative Action
- Asserts the inferiority of one sex
- Sexism
- Male dominated society which gives higher prestige to men
- Patriarchy
- Treating people as objects
- Objectification
- Subordination of women that is part of the everyday workings of economics, law, politics, and other social institutions; Second Shift for women
- Institutional Sexism
- Wage Gap
- for every dollar a man earned in 2005, a woman earned 76 cents
- Different jobs considered of equal value should be paid equally regardless of the gender that fills the position
- Pay Equity
- Elements of a culture spread from one group to another
- Cultural Diffusion
- Rather than centering around production of material goods, economies now center around information and service industries
- Postindustrial Society
- Durkheim proposed that rapid social change creates a normative vacuum called a _______
- Anomie
- Continuous, large scale, organized collective action (working as a group) motivated by the desire to stop change in some area of society
- Social Movement
- Coherent system of beliefs, values, and ideas that justifies its existence
- Ideology