psychology from notes
Terms
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- psychopathology
- difference betw/ abnormal and normal
- totem and taboo
- taboo against incest-wouldn't have taboo if we didn't have the motive/want
- psychodynism
- strong feelings in one direction--move in the opposite direction
- oral psychosexual stage
- dependence (0-1)
- anal psychosexual stage
- emphasis on toilet training (2-3) control
- phallic psychosexual stage
- 4-5 yrs nervous about masculinity
- latent psychosexual stage
- (6-12) sexual drive doesn't appear properly if fixated
- genital
- (12+)
- sullivan
- studied birth order, middle child tries to catch up, eldest feels displaced
- viscerlygenic
- physical
- Henry Murray
- need based personality
- alpha presses
- reality based
- beta presses
- psychologically constructed characteristics
- aggression-alpha and beta examples
-
alpha--people are actually acting on aggression towards me
beta--people don't like me - personality (in terms of presses)
- relationship between needs and presses
- thema
- links needs to presses
-
serial thema
unity thema -
common need/press relationships
psych. core of individual---unique set - Allport
- trait theory--predisposition to respond in a similar manner to various kinds of stimuli big 5
- according to allport, traits:
- have more than nominal existence, more generalized than habits and are assumed to be causes of behavior. can be studied empirically and independently
- idiograph
- how important is a trait for an individual
- nomothetic
- as a group then compare individual to group
-
types of allport traits:
central
cardinal
secondary -
-building blocks of personality
-powerful focus, everyone doesn't have this (Gandhi-peace)
-preferences - functional autonomy
- past motives can't be used to explain present behavior "here and now"
- carl rogers
-
clinical psychology
self-actualizing tendency (tabula rosa-clean slate) - conditions of Rogers's self worth
- mental health achieved through receiving unconditional self regard--self worth independent of environment
- problems in self worth occur when:
- incongruity between self concept and environmental feedback is very large--threat may capsize a person's self worth
- Mischel
-
buried trait theory, claiming that traits do not map behavior
others contended that he used a study in which the trait was broad while the behavior was specific (religiousity) - social psychology
-
no kids, no rats, no crazies
Lewin founder - illusory correlation
- 2 unusual events occur together--assume causal linkage
- attributional processes
- describe how we make judgements about why people do things
- correspondent inference
- how closely does your inference correspong to what the person did
- why do people have attitudes?
-
instrumental-means to an end
value-expresses values
ego defensive-hole attitude to protect weakness
structural-structuaralize ideas, make sense of the world - fishburn's and ajzen's reasons why behavior may not reflect attitudes
- action, target, context, time
- types of attitude change
-
compliance-public not private
identification-real change but no depth
internalization-reevaluate attitudes - Lewin
-
social psychology in America
unfreeze-move-refreeze - what forms behavior?
- attitudes, beliefs, and norms form intentions. intentions may or may not lead to behavior
- elaboration likelyhood model
-
central-internalize info=change
peripheral-don't process or elaborate=no change - innoculation effect
- weak arguments given in order to bolster defences against them
- dissonance theory
- if a person acts contrary to their attitudes, they change their attitudes
- Asch
- lines, conform publically not privately
- Sherif
- autokinetic effect-light on wall-person conforms publically and privately
- normative vs informational social influence
- when judgement is unamgiguous people do not look to others for answers
- johnny rocko study
- is one person is counter-opinionated, group debate with them exclusively, may reject the outsider
- minority influence
- must be distinct from the group, cannot change/compromise
-
leadership dimensions
levels -
task vs social
1administration 2 interpolation 3 create and change structure - push pull of motivation
- drive reduction (seeking to reduce arousal) vs incentive (external reward)
- display rules
- norms that regulate the approprate expression of emotions. They prescribe when, how, and to whom people can show various emotions
- james-lange theory of emotion
- conscious experience of emotion results from one's perception of autonomic arousal
- cannon-bard theory of emotion
- emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals to the cortexand teh autonomous nervous system
- schachter's two-factor theory
- emotion depends on autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal