H 222 (Mid-term)

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Jane Adams: A founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement, and the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1889 she and her friend, Ellen Gates Starr co-founded Hull House in Chicago, Illinois, one of the first settlement houses in the United States. Hull House served as a women's sociological institution and a place for adult night school.
Chief Joesph: The chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce Indians during General Oliver O. Howard's attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other "non-treaty" Indians to a reservation in Idaho.
Andrew Carnegie: As Scottish-born American industrialist, businessman, he built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which was later merged with Elbert H. Gary's Federal Steel Company and several smaller companies to create U.S. Steel
John D. Rockefeller: Revolutionized the petroleum industry and he founded the Standard Oil Company and ran it until he officially retired in 1897. Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for its monopolistic practices, giving momentum to the anti-trust movement.
Compromise of 1877: Deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission ro resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for teh withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South, marking the end of Reconstruction.
Homestead Strike of 1892: Violent strike at the Carnegie Steel Company near Pittsburgh that culminated in the defeat of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, the first steelworkers' union.
Knights of Labor: Founded in 1869, the first national union lasted, under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, only into the 1890s; supplanted by the American Federation of Labor.
Women's Christian Temperance Union: Largest female reform society of the late nineteenth century; it moved from opposing sale of liquor to demanding the right to vote for women.
Pure Food and Drug Act: a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines. The Act arose due to public education and exposés from authors such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt.
Muckrakers: Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the twentieth century; their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.
Populists: Advocates for a variety of reform issues, including free coinage of slver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of US senators.
Free Sliver: The populists at the turn of the century, lead by William J. Bryan, promoted the use of silver in the US mint. This was their way of dealing with the harsh economical conditions of the time leading up to the 1896 presidential election.
Social Darwinism: Application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society; used to concept of the "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty.
Eugene Debs: An American union leader and founder of the ILU and IWW. He is known for his involvement in the Pullman Strike and was later arrested for his actions. He is also known for his five presidential campaigns, in which, he ran as the Socialist Party's candidate once while he was in prison. His second time in person was due to his violation of the Espionage Act of 1917, which he was later pardoned by President Harding.
Theodore Roosevelt: Became the 26th US president after McKinley's assassination. Negotiated the control of the Panama Canal. A progressive reformer, promoted conservationism, and universal health care. Lost the Republican Nomination in 1912 to Taft so he formed his own party the Bull-Moose Party and took enough votes away form Taft that Wilson was elected president in 1912.
Jim Crow Laws: Mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a "separate but equal" status for black Americans and members of other non-white racial groups.
15th Amendment: Constitutional Amendment ratified in 1870, which prohibited states from discriminating in voting privileges on the basis of race.
Sharecropping: Type of farm tenancy that developed after the Civil War in which landless workers--often former slaves--farmed land in exchange for farm supplies and a share of the crop.
W.E. B. DuBois: Civil rights activist and founder of the NAACP in 1909.
Homestead Act of 1862: Authorized Congress to grant 160 acres of public land to western settler, who had to live on the land for five years to establish title.
18th Amendment: Prohibition amendment that made illegal the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1933.
Black Codes: Laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; to nullify the codes, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment
Radical Republicans: Group within the Republican Party in the 1850s and 1860s that advocated strong resistance to expansion of slavery, opposition to compromise with the South in the secession crisis of 1860-1861, emancipation and arming of black soldiers during the Civil War, and equal civil and political rights for blacks during Reconstruction.
"Cross of Gold" Speech: A speech delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the United States dollar to a gold standard alone. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars. It would also reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced from 1873-1896.
Frank Baum: Author of the children's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Although numerous political references to the "Wizard" appeared early in the 20th century, it was in a scholarly article in 1964 (Littlefield 1964) that there appeared the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended political allegory of the politics and characters of the 1890s. Special attention was paid to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold.[8] As a Republican and avid supporter of Women's Suffrage, it is thought that Baum personally did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890-92 or the Bryanite-silver crusade of 1896-1900.
19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote.
Woodrow Wilson: Narrowly re-elected in 1916, his second term centered on World War I. He tried to maintain U.S. neutrality, but when the German Empire began unrestricted submarine warfare, he wrote several admonishing notes to Germany, and in April 1917 asked Congress to declare war on the Central Powers. In the late stages of the war, he took personal control of negotiations with Germany, including the armistice. He issued his Fourteen Points, his view of a post-war world that could avoid another terrible conflict. He was the first President to leave the United States while still in office, going to Paris in 1919 to create the League of Nations and shape the Treaty of Versailles, with special attention on creating new nations out of defunct empires.
Florence Kelly: Came from a well to do family. Received a BA from Cornell (social sciences). Father was a Radical Republican and mother a leader in the abolition movement. She had few job opportunities after graduation so went on to graduate school at Zurich. Later divorced her husband because of physical abuse and moved to Jane Adams' Hull House. She became an expert in child labor and factory conditions. Her expertise was later used in the Supreme Court for the case Muller v. Oregon.
Ku Klux Klan: Organized in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to terrorize former slaves who voted and held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in the 1910s and 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy.
Upton Sinclair: He gained particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle, which dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry and caused a public uproar that partly contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.
William J. Bryan: The "Great Commoner", and the democratic party's nomination in 3 elections (1896, 1900, 1908). Know for being a very influential populist at the turn of the century. Known as an opponent to Social Darwinism and his promotion of free silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting.
William McKinley: As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. McKinley presided over a return to prosperity after the Panic of 1893 and was reelected in 1900 after another intense campaign against Bryan, this one focused on foreign policy. As president, he fought the Spanish-American War. McKinley for months resisted the public demand for war, which was based on news of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, but was unable to get Spain to agree to implement reforms immediately. Later he annexed the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, as well as Hawaii, and set up a protectorate over Cuba. He was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, and succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt.
Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstruction agency established in 1865 to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to assist with their education, jobs, health care, and landowning.
Plessy v. Ferguson: US Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites.
16th Amendment: Legalized federal Income Tax.
14th Amendment: Guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves, in words similar to those of the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Fourteen Points: President Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after WWI; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all the points into the treaty. This speech was intended to assure the country that the war was being fought for a moral cause and for peace in Europe after World War I.
Alice Paul: An American suffragist leader. Along with Lucy Burns (a close friend) and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. In protest of the conditions in Occoquan, Paul commenced a hunger strike. This led to her being moved to the prison's psychiatric ward and force-fed raw eggs through a plastic tube. Other women joined the strike, which combined with the continuing demonstrations and attendant press coverage, kept the pressure on the Wilson administration.[2] In January, 1918, the president announced that women's suffrage was urgently needed as a "war measure." Wilson strongly urged Congress to pass the legislation. In 1920, after coming down to one vote in the state of Tennessee, the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution secured the vote for women.
The Philippine War: American military campaign that suppressed the movement for Philippine independence after the Spanish-American war; America's death toll was over 4,000 and the Philippines' was far higher.
17th Amendment: Progressive reform that required US senators to be elected directly by voters; previously, senators were chosen by state legislatures.

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