personality & social psychology
Terms
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- A man has as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind.
- Multiple Selves (William James)
- A person notices her or his distinctive traits and personal characteristics more readily because of their greater informational richness and value for discriminating self from others.
- Distinctive Theory
- self is a collection of self representation.
- Dynamic Self-Concept (Markus & Wurf)
- What is "accessibility" consist of?
- -Frequency:highly interconnected -Recency:residual activation
- tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.
- Barnum Effect
- term that what situation does may construct your mind.
- contextual activation
- cognitive generalizations about the self,derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individual's social experiences.
- Self-schemata (Markus)
- when a person's self-concept is dissimilar to the ideal self, it leads to discomfort.
- Self-Discrepancies
- Degree of differentiation: more self aspects distinct from each other.
- Self Complexity
- What happens if people have low self complexity?
- lower self complexity experience greater swings in affect in response to life events.
- the act that leeping positive and negative info about the self in different categories to limit the accessibility of negative information.
- Compartmentalization
- What kind of people are elevated post traumatic tress symptoms?
- -women -separated -severity of exposure
- How are people coping with the stress?
- -active (planning) -acceptance -behavioural disengagement -denial -self blame -seek social support
- What are the elements that are highly correlated?
- -psychological resilience -Positive emotions
- What are the elements that taylor stated for illusions and well-being?
- -self-evaluation -perceptions of control -risk assessment
- what are the criteria for mental health?
- -happiness -caring for others -engaging in productive and creative work
- when do people use "below-than-average"?
- if we are not good at something and we realize that we are not good.
- what are the motivational explanations for the effect?
- -better than avg heuristic -selective memory and appraisal of self -biaed view of referent group -person positivity bias
- what are the non-motivational explanations for the effect?
- -egocentrism -focalism -generalized group
- what are the non motivational explanations for the effect?
- -egocentrism -focalism -generalized group
- What are the result of I, We and the effects of others on Me?
- -"I": differentiation, contrast effect, espeially for downward comparisons. -"We": Integration, assimilation especially for upward comparisons.
- what is the "cold" perspective in which people are motivated to maintain consistent beliefs about themselves?
- self-verification
- what is the "hot" perspective in which people are motivated to maintain high self-esteem?
- self-enhancement
- what is The term refers to a process where we imagine how other people see us?
- Reflected Appraisals
- what is the term that people attempt to convey info about or images of oneself to others?
- self-presentation
- what is the term that people tend to compare themselves from the recent and now?
- temporal comparisons
- what is "self"?
- unity & continuity
- According to ogilvie, what are "self"?
- -Real Self -Undesired Self
- According to Higgins, what are "Self"?
- -Ought self -Ideal self
- what is the term to explain incomplete feelings make people tend to engage in a variety of strategies to acquire symbols?
- self-completion
- what are the functions of "self'?
- -interpersonal tool -to make choices -self-regulations
- According to Triandis, how are "self" categorized?
- -private self -public self -collective self
- what kind of society do collectivist and individualist have respectively?
- -collectivist: tight society -individualist: complex society
- what is self-knowledge consist of ?
- -self-schema -self-concept
- what is the term that only a small part of self-concept can be present in awareness at any one time?
- phenomenal self
- where does the self-concept come from?
- -social interaction -communication
- what does the notion that people can know directly about their inner state?
- privileged access
- what is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or importance of opposing evidence and logical argument?
- self-deception
- according to gollwitzer, when can people turn their illusions on & off?
- -making decision: accurate & realistic -carrying out their decision & performance: positive illusion
- according to marcia, what are the identity crisis?
- -identity achieved -moratorium -foreclosed identity -identity diffusion
- In the identity crisis, what is the crisis commonly linked to male adlescence & midlife transitions?
- identity deficit
- In the identity crisis, what is the crisis when multiple definisions of self come into conflict?
- identity conflict
- what is the problem about consistency about the "self"?
- it is not the inconsistency but rather at the interface between the person & the social environment.
- what is the important mechanism for changing self-concept?
- internalization
- what i the situational forces cause people to scan their personal memories & self-concepts in a biased fashion looking for info that supports a certain view of self?
- biased scanning
- when do people tend to internalize?
- people only internalize their answer when ficen in a face-to-face contact with another person and NOT when given anonymously.
- what is the term explains how people will reduce the impact of a threat to their self-concept by focusing on and affirming their competence in some other area?
- self-affirmation
- self-esteem is guided by?
- -closeness -relevance -performance
- what is the process that explains people wnat to interact more with others who are good at irrelevant things.
- the self evaluation maintenance process
- what are the elements that people's actions and reactions guided by?
- -favorability(self-enhancement) -consistency(self-verification)
- what are the 2 "self"s when you use self-presentation to calim & validate the identity they desire?
- -self-construction -self-completion
- why is sef-esteem so important?
- because people tend to reduce their everyday sources of anxiety such as belongingness and social exclusion.
- what type of people tend to have depression?
- stable and low-esteem
- according to fenigstein, what are the 3 subscales of self-consciousness?
- -private self-consciousness -public self-consciousness -social anxiety
- what are the self-defeating behavior?
- -deliberate self-destruction -trade-offs -counterproductive(backfire strategies)
- what are the EBC principles for generalization about the self?
- -egocentricity -beneffectance -cognitive conservatism
- according to orwells, what is the society controlled from the present by rewriting it whenever desired?
- totalitarian society
- what is the phenomenon that correlations between self-confidence & accuracy in discerning whether someone is telling the truth.
- overconfident phenomenon
- what is the term that we are eager to verify out beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them?
- confirmation bias
- what is the phenomenon that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they actually experience them?
- rosy retrospection
- what is the tendency that people are slow to deduce particular instances from general truth, but they are remarkably quick to infer general truth from a vivid instance?
- principle of social thinking
- what is the term that explain if we believe a correlation exists, we are more likely to notice & recall confirming instances?
- illusory correlation
- what are the example of illusion of control?
- -gambling -regression toward the average.
- what is the type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm the expectations?
- behavioral confirmation
- what is the inclination to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place?
- hindsight
- according to James Maddux, Profesional Clinicians are...
- -frequently the victims of illusory correlation. -too readily convinced of heir own after-the-fact analysis. -often fail to appreciate that erroneous diagnoses can be self-confirming. -often overestimate the predictive powers of their clinical intuition.
- what are the size of experimental effect?
- -statistic criteria -pragmatic criteria -expectation criteria
- according to lewin, what is the term that social context creates potent forces that produce or constrain behavior?
- situationism
- what is the tendency to overemphasize the importance of personality traits while failing to recognize the role of situational factors in affecting behavior?
- fundamental attribution error
- norms & variations among people
- nomothetic view
- individual's uniqueness
- idiographic view