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personality & social psychology

Terms

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A man has as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him and carry an image of him in their mind.
Multiple Selves (William James)
A person notices her or his distinctive traits and personal characteristics more readily because of their greater informational richness and value for discriminating self from others.
Distinctive Theory
self is a collection of self representation.
Dynamic Self-Concept (Markus & Wurf)
What is "accessibility" consist of?
-Frequency:highly interconnected -Recency:residual activation
tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.
Barnum Effect
term that what situation does may construct your mind.
contextual activation
cognitive generalizations about the self,derived from past experience, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individual's social experiences.
Self-schemata (Markus)
when a person's self-concept is dissimilar to the ideal self, it leads to discomfort.
Self-Discrepancies
Degree of differentiation: more self aspects distinct from each other.
Self Complexity
What happens if people have low self complexity?
lower self complexity experience greater swings in affect in response to life events.
the act that leeping positive and negative info about the self in different categories to limit the accessibility of negative information.
Compartmentalization
What kind of people are elevated post traumatic tress symptoms?
-women -separated -severity of exposure
How are people coping with the stress?
-active (planning) -acceptance -behavioural disengagement -denial -self blame -seek social support
What are the elements that are highly correlated?
-psychological resilience -Positive emotions
What are the elements that taylor stated for illusions and well-being?
-self-evaluation -perceptions of control -risk assessment
what are the criteria for mental health?
-happiness -caring for others -engaging in productive and creative work
when do people use "below-than-average"?
if we are not good at something and we realize that we are not good.
what are the motivational explanations for the effect?
-better than avg heuristic -selective memory and appraisal of self -biaed view of referent group -person positivity bias
what are the non-motivational explanations for the effect?
-egocentrism -focalism -generalized group
what are the non motivational explanations for the effect?
-egocentrism -focalism -generalized group
What are the result of I, We and the effects of others on Me?
-"I": differentiation, contrast effect, espeially for downward comparisons. -"We": Integration, assimilation especially for upward comparisons.
what is the "cold" perspective in which people are motivated to maintain consistent beliefs about themselves?
self-verification
what is the "hot" perspective in which people are motivated to maintain high self-esteem?
self-enhancement
what is The term refers to a process where we imagine how other people see us?
Reflected Appraisals
what is the term that people attempt to convey info about or images of oneself to others?
self-presentation
what is the term that people tend to compare themselves from the recent and now?
temporal comparisons
what is "self"?
unity & continuity
According to ogilvie, what are "self"?
-Real Self -Undesired Self
According to Higgins, what are "Self"?
-Ought self -Ideal self
what is the term to explain incomplete feelings make people tend to engage in a variety of strategies to acquire symbols?
self-completion
what are the functions of "self'?
-interpersonal tool -to make choices -self-regulations
According to Triandis, how are "self" categorized?
-private self -public self -collective self
what kind of society do collectivist and individualist have respectively?
-collectivist: tight society -individualist: complex society
what is self-knowledge consist of ?
-self-schema -self-concept
what is the term that only a small part of self-concept can be present in awareness at any one time?
phenomenal self
where does the self-concept come from?
-social interaction -communication
what does the notion that people can know directly about their inner state?
privileged access
what is a process of denying or rationalizing away the relevance, significance, or importance of opposing evidence and logical argument?
self-deception
according to gollwitzer, when can people turn their illusions on & off?
-making decision: accurate & realistic -carrying out their decision & performance: positive illusion
according to marcia, what are the identity crisis?
-identity achieved -moratorium -foreclosed identity -identity diffusion
In the identity crisis, what is the crisis commonly linked to male adlescence & midlife transitions?
identity deficit
In the identity crisis, what is the crisis when multiple definisions of self come into conflict?
identity conflict
what is the problem about consistency about the "self"?
it is not the inconsistency but rather at the interface between the person & the social environment.
what is the important mechanism for changing self-concept?
internalization
what i the situational forces cause people to scan their personal memories & self-concepts in a biased fashion looking for info that supports a certain view of self?
biased scanning
when do people tend to internalize?
people only internalize their answer when ficen in a face-to-face contact with another person and NOT when given anonymously.
what is the term explains how people will reduce the impact of a threat to their self-concept by focusing on and affirming their competence in some other area?
self-affirmation
self-esteem is guided by?
-closeness -relevance -performance
what is the process that explains people wnat to interact more with others who are good at irrelevant things.
the self evaluation maintenance process
what are the elements that people's actions and reactions guided by?
-favorability(self-enhancement) -consistency(self-verification)
what are the 2 "self"s when you use self-presentation to calim & validate the identity they desire?
-self-construction -self-completion
why is sef-esteem so important?
because people tend to reduce their everyday sources of anxiety such as belongingness and social exclusion.
what type of people tend to have depression?
stable and low-esteem
according to fenigstein, what are the 3 subscales of self-consciousness?
-private self-consciousness -public self-consciousness -social anxiety
what are the self-defeating behavior?
-deliberate self-destruction -trade-offs -counterproductive(backfire strategies)
what are the EBC principles for generalization about the self?
-egocentricity -beneffectance -cognitive conservatism
according to orwells, what is the society controlled from the present by rewriting it whenever desired?
totalitarian society
what is the phenomenon that correlations between self-confidence & accuracy in discerning whether someone is telling the truth.
overconfident phenomenon
what is the term that we are eager to verify out beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them?
confirmation bias
what is the phenomenon that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they actually experience them?
rosy retrospection
what is the tendency that people are slow to deduce particular instances from general truth, but they are remarkably quick to infer general truth from a vivid instance?
principle of social thinking
what is the term that explain if we believe a correlation exists, we are more likely to notice & recall confirming instances?
illusory correlation
what are the example of illusion of control?
-gambling -regression toward the average.
what is the type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm the expectations?
behavioral confirmation
what is the inclination to see events that have occurred as more predictable than they in fact were before they took place?
hindsight
according to James Maddux, Profesional Clinicians are...
-frequently the victims of illusory correlation. -too readily convinced of heir own after-the-fact analysis. -often fail to appreciate that erroneous diagnoses can be self-confirming. -often overestimate the predictive powers of their clinical intuition.
what are the size of experimental effect?
-statistic criteria -pragmatic criteria -expectation criteria
according to lewin, what is the term that social context creates potent forces that produce or constrain behavior?
situationism
what is the tendency to overemphasize the importance of personality traits while failing to recognize the role of situational factors in affecting behavior?
fundamental attribution error
norms & variations among people
nomothetic view
individual's uniqueness
idiographic view

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