Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Terms
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- Psychotherapy
- the treatment of psychological disorders using psychological methods
- Psychiatrists
- medical doctors who specialize in the treatment of medical disorders; use biological treatments and psychotherapy
- Psychologists
- people who practice some form of psychotherapy; many have Ph.D's; cannot prescribe medication
- Psychoanalysis
- method of psychotherapy; seeks to help clients gain insight by recognizing, understanding, and dealing with the unconscious thoughts and emotions presumed to cause problems
- Client-Centered Therapy
- developed by Carl Rogers; assumes client has a drive toward self-actualization; based on relationship between client and therapist; client learns on their own
- Unconditional Positive Regard
- attitude of total acceptance and respect that a therapist must have toward a client to create a therapeutic environment
- Empathy
- important feature of client-centered therapy; therapist must see the world as the client sees it
- Reflection
- method used in client-centered therapy; therapist restates or paraphrases a client's responses to show that he is listening
- Congruence
- refers to a consistency in a therapist's feelings and behavior toward the client
- Gestalt Therapy
- a form of humanistic treatment developed by Frederick Perls; takes an active role in helping client
- Behavior Therapy
- uses the principles of classical conditioning to change behavior by helping or teaching clients to act or think differently
- Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
- attempts to pin-point thought patterns that lead to depression, anger or anxiety
- Systematic Desensitization
- behavioral therapy method based on classical conditioning that is especially effective in the treatment of phobias
- Modeling
- behavior modification method in which a client can learn new behaviors by watching the behavior of others and then practicing these behaviors
- Assertiveness and Social Skills Training
- set of behavioral methods used to teach clients how to be more comfortable, expressive, and effective in social situations
- Positive Reinforcement
- anything that increases the likelihood that a person will repeat a behavior that elicited the positive consequence
- Token Economy
- based on principles of operant conditioning; used by behavior therapists in institutional settings; client must display certain behaviors to receive tokens
- Extinction
- occurs when stimuli that previously elicited a conditioned response no longer cause that response; result of the breakdown of a relationship on which the original conditioning was based
- Flooding
- behavior therapy technique used to treat phobias, client is placed in a feared but harmless situation; realizes there is no reason to be afraid
- Aversive Conditioning
- behavior therapy based on classical conditioning; negative behaviors must be eleminated, at least partially, before new can be learned; associates negative behavior with negative response
- Punishment
- behavior modification method; negative consequence that follows a behavior; last resort to eliminate behavior problems
- Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
- form of cognitive-behavior therapy; developed by Albert Ellis; client taught to recognize self-defeating thought patterns and replace them with constructive thoughts
- Cognitive Therapy
- type of cognitive restructuring in which a client sees that his depression is due in part to erroneous and illogical thought patterns
- Group Therapy
- psychotherapy conducted with groups of about 5-10 people; therapist observes clients interacting with one another in real social situations; clients feel less alone when they realize others feel as they do
- Family Therapy
- involves 2 or more individuals from the same family; goal is to create family harmony by helping each family member understand each other
- Couple's Therapy
- focuses on communication between partners
- Empirically Supported Therapies (ESTs)
- therapies whose effectiveness has been validated by controlled experimental research
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- involves passing electric currents though the brain; used to treat depression when other treatments have failed; only applied to one hemisphere along with extreme muscle relaxant
- Psychosurgery
- involves destroying a very small amount of brain tissue to alleviate psychological disorders; used as a last resort in treating emotional problems
- Neuroleptic Drugs
- used to treat severe psychopathology; effective in reducing hallucinations, delusions, paranoid suspiciousness, and incoherence; side effects: tardive dyskinesia
- Antidepressants
- increases levels of seratonin and norepinephrine; useful in treating depression; includes monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricylic antidepressants, and fluoxetine
- Anxiolytics
- tranquilizers such as Librium and Valium; used to reduce anxiety, tension, and in some cases agoraphobia (Xanax); can be addictive and should not be combined with alcohol
- Community Psychology
- attempts to minimize or prevent psychological disorders; attempt to eliminate causative factors of underlying psychological problems; early recognition of psychological problems and intervention designed to prevent problems from becoming worse
- Eclectic approach
- with this approach, therapists are not locked into one form of psychotherapy, but draw on whatever combination seems best suited to a client's need.
- transference
- psychoanalytic term for a patient's redirecting emotions from other relationships to their analyst.
- Meta-analysis
- procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
- Psychopharmacology
- Study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior