psych test 3
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- memory
- persistance of learning over time
- encoding
- getting info into the "system"
- storage
- retaining info for a period of time
- retrieval
- getting info back out
- three stage processing model (Atkinson & Shriffin
- sensory memory, short-term memory/working memory, long-term memory
- 1. sensory memory
- record info as sensory input
- 2. short term memory/working memory
- processed in short term memory
- 3. long-term memory
- encode info and store in long term memory to later be retrieved
- information processing models
- depends on stage and depth of storage
- parallel distributed processing
- info doesn't flow, it is connected by processing units
- how we encode
- no conscious effort like driving, do without thinking
- effortful processing
- requires thought, like names and phone numbers
- rehearsal
- conscious repetition
- serial position
- remembering the first and last in a series
- Ebbinghaus
- amount learned = amount of time spent memorizing
- spacing effect
- retain information when rehearsed and spaced out over time
- three ways we encode verbal information
- visual (image), acoustic (sound), semantic (meaning)
- which is best for memory?
- visual
- self-referencing effect
- "relevant to me"
- how to encode visual information using mnemonic devices
- loci, peg words, chunking
- peg words
- one is a bun
- chunking
- grouping items together to remember (phone number) more than 7 items
- iconic storage
- sensory memory of visual stimuli
- echoic memory
- sensory memory of auditory stimuli
- limits of short term memory
- better for numbers and sounds than letters and images
- how does STM differ from LTM
- long term is better for letters and images
- how is STM different from LTM?
- long term retains memory better
- long term potentiation (LTP)
- increase of seratonin, more efficient transmission of signals from one neuron to another; strengthening of potential neuronal firing as a result of learning/memory
- flashbulb memories
- clear memories of emotionally significant moments/events
- implicit (procedural) memory
- retention without conscious recollection (driving)
- explicit (declarative) memory
- memory of facts we consciously know (9/11)
- hippocampus' role
- look it up
- recall (retrieval)
- retrieve info not in our concious awareness
- recognition (retrieval)
- identifying info previously learned
- relearning (retrieval)
- measure assessing amount of time saved when learning info again
- web of associations
- memory stored based on associations with that information
- which types of retrieval are we better at?
- recognizing and relearning than recalling
- priming
- to retrieve info, first identify associated info to lead you there
- context effects
- returning to original context in which we experienced an event
- state-dependent memory
- recall info best in same emotional/physiological state as when info was learned
- ways we forget
- absent-mindedness, transcience, blocking, repression
- absent-mindedness
- not paying attention
- transcience
- unused info fades over time
- blocking
- can't access stored info
- repression
- basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoguhts/feelings/memories from consciousness
- ways we distort info that affect memory
- misattribution, suggestibility, bias
- misattribution
- confusing the soure of info
- suggestibility
- lasting effects from misinformation
- bias
- recollections affected by belief systems
- what has Loftus' work demonstrated about recovered memory?
- look it up
- intelligence
- mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
- influence of culture on definition of intelligence
- look it up
- general intelligence
- (g-factor) we have specific abilities/aptitudes (verbal intell., spacial ability, reasoning ability)
- theories around multiple intelligences
- savants are super intelligent in one specific subject
- Gardner's areas of intelligence
- look it up
- Sternberg triarchic theory
- look it up
- analytical intelligence
- academic problem solving
- creative intelligence
- adapting to new situations and developing new ideas
- practical intelligence
- completing daily tasks, multiple solutions, less defined
- emotional intelligence
- ability to percieve emotion (in faces)/understand it (predict)/manage emotions (know when and how to expres) and use creative thinking
- creativity in relation to intelligence
- expertise, imaginative thinking skills, ventursome personality, intrinsic motivation, creative environment
- common componants of defining mental retardation
- limited mental ability indicated by an IQ of 70 or lower; varies from mild to profound
- motivation
- need or desire that serves to energize behavior and direct to a goal; what drives us to do things out of the ordinary
- extrinsic motivation
- motivation is external
- intrinsic motivation
- a person performs an action because the act is satisfying
- four perspectives on motivation
- instinct, drive-reduction, arousal theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- instinct theory
- evolutionary - behaviors are instincts and are fixed patterns throughout a species; reflexes such as rooting and sucking
- drive-reduction
- due to physiological needs, drives us to fulfill needs to homeostasis; incentives
- arousal theory
- recognition of the need for stimulation/arousal
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- (top) self actualizing needs; esteem needs; belongingness and love needs; safety needs; physiological needs (bottom)
- Yerkes-Dodson Law
- relationship between arousal and effect of performance shown in upside-down U graph
- why do we eat (physiological and psychological)
- for energy, cultural background, formed habits,
- how do eating habits develop
- personal experience, modeling
- anorexia nervosa
- normal weight person diets obsessively
- bullemia nervosa
- binge-purge cycle
- influences on motivations for sex
- biological, psychological, cultural
- biological motivation for sex
- nature's way of making us reproduce
- psychological motivation for sex
- hormones direct physical development and activate sexual behavior
- cultural motivation for sex
- established rules/guidelines
- Human Sexual Response Cycle
- 1) excitement 2)plateau 3)orgasm 4)resolution (refractory in males)
- motivations for sex
- enhancement, intimacy, coping, self-affirmation, partner approval, peer approval
- enhancement
- emotional satisfaction
- intimacy
- emotional closeness and physical pleasure
- coping
- negative emotions
- self-affirmation
- disappointment, reassurance of attractiveness
- partner approval
- desire to please or appease partner
- peer approval
- impress friends, be part of group, conform
- similarities and differences in men/women in sexual motivation
- look it up
- origins of sexual orientation/homosexuality
- evolutionarily - we look for partners to successfully reproduce; society and culture influence attractiveness; family history and home environment; biological factors
- what humans need in their sense of belonging
- social bonds boods survival rate; relationships/bonds give us true sense of happiness; we judge ourselves through connectedness; enhance health
- motivation to work
- meet need for survival/safety; engage in something meaningful; when work engages skill, boosts sense of self esteem/competance/well being
- what do industrial-organizational psychologists do?
- focus on measuring psychological qualities that spur achievement/success/environmental conditions; seek to understand why a person thrives/wilts at a job
- stress
- the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events (stressors) that we appraise as threatening/challenging; the physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioral response to threatening/challenging events
- stressful things
- minor or major events, imaginary events, things as a threat, major life events (good and bad)
- distress
- effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors
- eustress
- effect of positive events that are demanding
- optimal amount of stress
- look it up
- physiological response to stress
- autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) nervous system; stress=fight or flight reaction; HR up, Digestion down, energy up, respiration up, hormones up
- general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
- 1)Alarm - body reacts to stressor (sympathetic), adrenal hormones, HR, BP, Bloodsugar, energy 2)Resistance - body settles and fights stressor 3) Exhaustion - body's resources are depleted
- affect on immune system
- stress=infection to immune system; activates IS & HR & blood sugar, depletes body's resources
- Type A personality
- competitive, impatient, higher risk for heart disease
- Type B personality
- noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed
- Type C personality
- pleasant, difficulty expressing emotions esp. negative, at higher risk for cancer
- problem-focused coping vs. emotion-focused coping
- alleviate stress directly, changing the stressor/interaction with stressor vs. alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor and attending to emotional needs related to stress
- attitude affect on stress
- good attitude benfits health, blood pressure, longevity of life
- optimist
- looks for positive outcomes, perceives more control, enjoys better health, less fatigue, fewer aches/pains, outlive pessimists
- pessimist
- expect the worst to happen
- social support affect on stress
- friends, family, neighbors, coworkers, peers give help=advice, physical/monetary support, info/education, emotional, love&affection, companionship, happiness&health, calms cardivascular
- coping techniques
- exercise, biofeedback, relaxation
- exercise
- heart and lung fitness, releases endorphines, reduces stress/depression/anxiety
- biofeedback
- records, amplifies, returns info and enables control of physiological responses
- relaxation
- increased breathing, closing eyes, focus on something calm
- maladaptive ways to cope with stress
- smoking, drinking, overeating, procrastinating, nail biting, etc
- social psychology
- scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by real/imagined/implied prescence of others
- attributions
- process of explaining one's and other's behaviors of either external or interal cause
- situational attribution
- assume cause of behavior is external
- dispositional attribution
- assume cause of behavior is within the individual
- fundamental attribution error
- tendency for observers to underestimate impact of a situation and overestimate impact of personal disposition; look at other's behavior and think about what you'd do
- attitudes
- feelings based on our beliefs that predispose us to respond a certain way to objects/people/events
- affect of attitudes on behaviors
- ideas, people, objects, situations, opinions, beliefs, biases
- four ways attitudes are formed
- direct contact, direct instruction (mother to child), interaction with others, vicarious learning (observational learning)
- foot-in-the-door phenomenon
- tendency for people who comply with a small request to later comply with a larger one
- how are behaviors/attitudes affected by taking on social roles
- look it up
- stanford prison experiment
- Zimbardo
- cognitive dissonance
- doing/saying things that don't maych our idea of ourselves=emotional discomfort
- affect of cognitive dissonance on attitude
- we adjust our attitudes to reconcile feeling of dissonance
- conformity
- adjusting one's behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard; increases when we feel incompetant/insecure/admiring group status
- chameleon effect
- natural instinct to mimic behavior of those around us; those who are empathetic mimic more and are more liked
- normative social influence
- going along with a group to fit in/not cause a stir
- informational social influence
- if everyone else answers something, i "must" be wrong
- obedience
- we change our behavior at the command of authority
- Stanley Milgrim's study on obedience
- electric shock experiment
- personality traits that predict obedience
- none
- factors that influence willingness to be obedient
- when there's no role model for defiance, person giving orders is close by and legitimate authority figure supported by prestigious institution
- effect of Zimbardo/Milgrim studies on research experiments today
- disclaimers, ability to leave, post-test briefing required
- social facilitation
- positive influence of others on performance; if task is perceived as easy, the prescence of others improves performance, if it seems diffucult prescence of others decreases performance
- social impairment
- negative influence of others on performance
- social loafing
- a lazy person who does not do well in a group setting but does well alone
- deindividuation
- a group experience arouses people and makes them anonymous and feel less self-restrained
- prejudice
- negative attitude held by a person about members of a social group; can be overt and subtle
- discrimination
- when prejudicial attitudes cause members of a group to be treated differently than others
- in-groups vs. out-groups
- majority vs. minority
- scapegoat
- target of negative emotions of members of in-group toward members of an outgroup
- brown-eyed/blue-eyed study
- in second grade class, teacher separated eye color and treated one group better
- aggression
- any physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt/destroy
- three levels of biological influence on aggression
- genetic, neural, biochemical
- psychological factors that influence aggression
- exposure to aversive stimuli, being blocked from a goal (frustration-aggression principle)
- three factors creating attraction
- proximity, attractiveness, similarity
- passionate love
- aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
- compassionate love
- deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
- altruism
- unselfish regard for the welfare of others
- bystander effect
- if many people are witnessing an event, likelihood to assume someone else will call for help is high (diffusion of responsibility)
- three factors that influence motivation to help
- notice the event, interpret it as an emergency, assume responsibility for helping
- Kitty Genovese case
- look it up