Med Term Ch 10
Terms
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- -opia
- condition of vision
- accommodation
- ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects
- amblyopia
- decreased vision in early life because of a functional defect that can occur as a result of strabismus, refractive errors (when one eye is more nearsighted, farsighted, or astrigmatic than the other), or trauma; usually occurs in one eye; also known as la
- anterior chamber
- fluid-filled space between the cornea and iris
- antibiotic ophthalmic solution
- antimicrobial agent in solution; used to treat bacterial infections (eg. conjunctivitis and corneal ulcers)
- aphakia
- absence of the lens, usually after cataract extraction
- aque/o
- water
- aqueous humor
- watery liquid secreted by the ciliary processes that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye and provides nourishment for the cornea, iris, and lens (humor = fluid)
- asthenopia
- eyestrain (asthenia = weak condition)
- astigmatism
- distorted vision caused by an oblong or cylindrical curvature of the lens or cornea that prevents light rays from coming to a single focus on the retina (stigma = point)
- blephar/o
- eyelid
- blepharitis
- inflammation of the eyelid
- blepharochalasis / dermatochalasis
- baggy eyelid; overabundance and loss of skin elasticity on the upper eyelid causing a fold of skin to hang down over the edge of the eyelid when the eyes are open (chalasis = a slackening)
- blepharoplasty
- surgical repair of an eyelid
- blepharoptosis / ptosis
- drooping of the eyelid; usually caused by paralysis
- blepharospasm
- involuntary contraction of the muscles surrounding the eye causing uncontrolled blinking and lid squeezing
- canal of Schlemm
- duct in the anterior chamber that carries filtered aqueous humor to the outer portion of the retina
- cataract
- opaque clouding of the lens causing decreased vision
- cataract extraction
- excision of a cloudy lens from the eye
- chalazion
- chronic nodular inflammation of a meibomian gland, usually the result of a blocked duct; commonly presents as a swelling on the upper or lower eyelid (chalaza = hailstone)
- choroid
- vascular layer beneath the sclera that provides nourishment to the outer portion of the retina
- ciliary body
- ring of tissue behind the peripheral iris that is composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes
- ciliary muscle
- smooth muscle portion of the ciliary body, which contracts to assist in near vision
- ciliary processes
- epithelial tissue folds on the inner surface of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor
- cones
- cone-shaped cells within the retina that are color sensitive and respond to bright light
- conjunctiv/o
- conjunctiva (to join together)
- conjunctiva
- mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface of the eyeball
- conjunctivitis
- pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva
- contact lens
- small, plastic, curved disk with optical correction that fits over the cornea; used to correct refractive errors
- corne/o, kerat/o
- cornea
- cornea
- transparent, anterior part of the eyeball covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber that functions to refract (bend) light to focus a visual image
- cryoretinopexy / cryopexy
- use of intense cold to seal a hole or tear in the retina; used to treat retinal detachment
- cycl/o
- circle, ciliary body
- cycloplegic
- agent that paralyzes the ciliary muscle and the powers of accommodation; commonly used in pediatric eye examinations
- dacryoadenitis
- inflammation of the lacrimal gland
- dacryocystectomy
- excision of a lacrimal gland
- dacryocystitis
- inflammation of the tear sac
- diabetic retinopathy
- disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation (neovascularization) leading to scarring and loss of vision
- diplopia
- double vision
- distance visual acuity
- measure of the ability to see the details and shape of identifiable objects from a specified distance, usually from 20 ft; normal distance visual acuity is 20/20
- ectropion
- outward turning of the rim of the eyelid (tropo = turning)
- entropion
- inward turning of the rim of the eyelid
- enucleation
- excision of an eyeball
- epiphora
- abnormal overflow of tears caused by blockage of the lacrimal duct (epi = upon, phero = to bear)
- esotropia
- right or left eye deviates inward, toward nose (eso= inward; tropo = turning)
- exophthalmos / exophthalmus
- abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs
- exotropia
- right or left eye deviates outward, away from nose (exo = out, tropo = turning)
- eye instillation
- introduction of a medicated solution in the eye, usually administered by a drop (gt) or drops (gtt) in the affected eye or eyes
- eye irrigation
- washing of the eye with water or other fluid (eg. saline)
- eyelid / palpebra
- movable, protective fold that opens and closes, covering the eye
- fovea centralis
- pinpoint depression in the center of the macula lutea that is the site of sharpest vision (fovea = pit)
- fundus
- interior surface of the eyeball, including the retina, optic disk, macula, and posterior pole (curvature at the back of the eye) (fundus = base)
- glands of Zeis
- oil glands surrounding the eyelashes
- glaucoma
- group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision
- hordeolum
- sty; an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid (hordeum = barley)
- hyperopia
- farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays are focused on a point behind the retina
- intraocular lens (IOL) implant
- implantation of an artificial lens to replace a defective natural lens (eg. after cataract extraction)
- ir/o, irid/o
- colored circle, iris
- iridectomy
- excision of a portion of iris tissue
- iridotomy
- incision into the iris (usually with a laser) to allow drainage of aqueous humor from the posterior to anterior chamber; used to treat a type of glaucoma
- iris
- colored circle; colored part of the eye located behind the cornea that contracts and dilates to regulate light passing through the pupil
- iritis
- inflammation of the iris
- keratitis
- inflammation of the cornea
- keratoplasty
- corneal transplantation; replacement of a diseased or scarred cornea with a healthy one from a matched donor
- lacrim/o, dacry/o
- tear
- lacrimal ducts
- tubes that carry tears to the lacrimal sac
- lacrimal gland
- gland located in the upper outer region above the eyeball that secretes tears
- lacrimal sac
- structure that collects tears before emptying into the nasolacrimal duct
- lacrimation
- secretion of tears
- laser surgery
- use of a laser to make incision or destroy tissues; used to create fluid passages or obliterate tumors, aneurysms, etc
- laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
- a technique using the excimer laser to reshape the surface of the cornea to correct refractive error (eg. myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism) (smileusis = carving)
- lens
- transparent structure behind the pupil that bends and focuses light rays on the retina
- lens capsule
- capsule that encloses the lens
- macula lutea / macula
- central region of the retina; responsible for central vision; yellow pigment provides its color (lutea = yellow)
- macular degeneration
- breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision
- meibomian glands
- oil glands located along the rim of the eyelids
- miotic
- agent that causes the pupil to contract (mio = less)
- mydriatic
- agent that causes dilation of the pupil; used for certain eye examinations
- myopia
- nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects when light rays are focused on a point in front of the retina
- nasolacrimal duct
- passageway for tears from the lacrimal sac into the nose
- nystagmus
- involuntary, rapid, oscillating movement of the eyeball (nystagmos = a nodding)
- ocul/o, ophthalm/o, opt/o
- eye
- optic disk
- exit site of retinal nerve fibers as well as entrance point for retinal arteries and exit point for retinal veins
- optic nerve
- nerve responsible for carrying impulses for the sense of sight from the retina to the brain
- phac/o, phak/o
- lens (lentil)
- phacoemulsification
- use of ultrasound to shatter and break up a cataract, with aspiration and removal
- phot/o
- light
- photophobia
- extreme sensitivity to, and discomfort from, light
- posterior chamber
- space between the back of the iris and the front of the vitreous chamber; filled with aqueous humor
- presby/o
- old age
- presbyopia
- impaired vision caused by old age or loss of accommodation
- pseudophakia
- an eye in which the natural lens is replaced with an artificial lens implant (pseudo = false)
- pterygium
- fibrous, wing-shaped growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea, developing most commonly from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light
- pupil
- black, circular opening in the center of the iris through which light passes as it enters the eye
- refractive errors
- defects in the bending of light as it enters the eye, causing an improper focus on the retina
- retin/o
- retina
- retina
- innermost layer that perceives and transmits light to the optic nerve
- retinal detachment
- separation of the retina from the underlying epithelium, disrupting vision and resulting in blindness if not repaired surgically
- retinitis
- inflammation of the retina
- rods
- rod-shaped cells within the retina that respond to dim light
- scler/o
- hard or sclera
- sclera
- tough, fibrous, white outer coat extending from the cornea to the optic nerve
- scleritis
- inflammation of the sclera
- scotoma
- blind spot in vision (skotos = darkness)
- sonography
- use of high-frequency sound waves to detect pathology within the eye (eg. foreign bodies and detached retina)
- strabismus / heterotropia
- a condition of eye misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance (strabismus = a squinting , hetero = other)
- tonometry
- use of a tonometer to measure intraocular pressure, which is elevated in glaucoma
- trabecular meshwork
- mesh-like structure in the anterior chamber that filters the aqueous humor as it flows into the canal of Schlemm
- trichiasis
- misdirected eyelashes that rub on the conjunctiva or cornea
- vitre/o
- glassy
- vitreous
- jelly-like mass filling the inner chamber between the lens and retina that gives bulk to the eye