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Geology final

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deposition by meltwater

 

streams emerge from glaciers with large load

glacial deposition by wind

loess 

after outwash dries, fine grains are picked up by wind

deposits of wind-blown silt and clay, fine grained 

glacier flow caused by?

2 types? 

caused by gravity

sliding: erodes surface, slow

ductile: ice crystals deformed, faster than sliding 

most recent ice age

where was the thickest ice?

how far south? 

Pleistocene started 1.6 million years ago

Hudson Bay

all but southern tip of Illinois was covered 

relating to sand dunes: stoss side, leeward side

How do they migrate? 

stoss: upwind side

leeward: downwind side 

 

migrate downwind 

abyssal plain  
true ocean basin
appalachians province.. once as high as?
once as high as Rockies but erosion has lowered them
aquifer
porous and permeable layer of rock or sediment that contains water
aquitard
impermeable layer where water travels very slowly
arete
sharp, narrow ridge
arroyos
desert stream beds, usually dry
barchan dune
crescent shaped, with arms pointing downwind
barrier island
offshore mound of sediment, parallel to land
base level
lowest elevation to which a river can erode
basin and range, types of rock?
igneous, metamorphic rock
baymouth bar
narrow mound of sediment, attached to both ends
calving
breaking off of icebergs
capacity
total amount of sediment a stream can carry
channel     

narrow depression in hwich water flows  

 

cirque
bowl shaped depression high on side of mountain
coastal plain types of rock?
young sediments
competence
largest size particle a stream can carry
continental rise
gently sloping accumulation of sediment at base of continental slope
continental shelf
shallow, gently sloping seafloor adjacent to continents
continental slop
steeper section leading down to deep sea
dendritic  
branching, develops on gently sloping layers
discharge  
volume of water flowing past given point in specified length of time
divides
high ground that separate basins
drainage system
trunk stream and all its tributaries
drumlin
stream lined hill of till that forms beneath glacier
eccentricity
sometimes orbit is more circular, sometimes more elliptical
end moraine
forms along terminus
eolian processes
having to do with the wind: erosion, transport, deposition in desert
equilibrium line (glaciers)
boundary b/t zones of accumulation and ablation
erratics
rocks in till that don't match local bedrock
esker
sinuous, wavy ridge deposited on or under ice
drowned river mouths
feedbacks
self reinforcing effects
fjord
u-shaped valley below sea level
floodplain
flat land on either side of channel
flow (glacier)
ice moves from zone of accumulation to zone of ablation
formation of glaciers
accumulation, burial, recrystallization
glacial lake deposits
accumulate in lakes formed b/t ice and end moraine, fine grained
glacial lakes form when...
meltwater is trapped between moraine and ice
glacial polish
smooth and shiny surface
glacial rebound
when ice melts, lithosphere rises
groins, jetties

walls of stone or concrete

groins: perpendicular to shore to block longshore drift

 jetties: built in pairs to protect a harbor

hanging valley
tributary valley whose mouth is above level of main valley
headland
point of land extending into ocean
Highest point in North America?
Mt. Mckinley, Alaska 20000 feet
horn
high, angula, rugged mountain peak
how do glaciers shape landscape? 2 ways

erosion of existing landforms

deposition of sediment carried by ice, water, wind 

ice changes surface drainage by (2 ways)
blocking streams with ice, filling valleys with till
ice loading
weight of glacier pushes lithosphere down
icefall
part of glacier descending a steep slope
in the next 50 years there could be global warming of ...
2-5 degrees
interior plains province
sedimentary rocks, shaped by glaciers
IPCC
intergovernmental panel on climate change, 1988
kame
conical mound of outwash that accumulated in a depression in the ice
kettle
circular depression in moraine, once filled by block of ice
largest sand desert in world
Rub al Khali in Saudi Arabia
lateral moraine, medial moraine

lateral: lien of debris along sides of alpine glacier

medial: line of debris in center of alpine glacier 

Levees
wall of sand or dirt built along river channel to increase height of river bank
longitudinal dune
elongate with 2 skip faces and sharp crest, parallel to wind direction
longitudinal profile of a river
graph of elevation of water surface vs. downstream distance
longshore currents
occurs when waves come in at an angle to the coastline
longshore movements
water or sediment moving parallel to coastline
lonshore drift
movement of sediment
lower point in North America?
Basin and Range: Death Valley, California
marine terrace
uplifted platform: may form series of steps
moraines
hil or ridges of till, deposited as ice melts
mushroom rocks
resistant layer over soft; soft layer is eroded near the ground
notch
undercut cliff
outwash
sand and gravel deposited by glacial streams, better sorted than till
over last century temperature has increased...
.5 degrees
oxbow lake
abandoned meander channel
Pacific Mountains: 3 high mountain ranges
Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coastal Ranges; all located on region of active tectonism
parabolic dune
crescent shaped, arms pointing upwind
precession
earth's rotational axis "wobbles"
proposed global solution to global warming
C&C contraction and convergence
recharge areas
locations where water enters groundwater system
recognition of ice ages based on ...

sedimentary rocks with glacial features

(tillite, polished surfaces) 

recurrence interval for floods

average # of years between occurrence of a certain size flood

R=(N+1)/M 

N= number of years record, M = rank of flood (in order from largest to smallest) 

rise, fall

rise: area of once dry land is now under water

fall: area once under water is now dry land 

river bluffs  
steep slopes on either side of river valley
river: downcutting
process by which a valley becomes deeper
roche mountonne
glacially shaped bedrock knob
rockies province
multi stage history left mixture of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary, shaped by glaciers
sea arch, sea stack

sea arch: hole eroded through headland

sea stack: offshore rock detached from headland 

seamount, guyot

seamount: isolated underwater mountain, usually volcanic

guyot: flat topped seamou

shield province: type of rocks, shaped by?
precambrian igneous/metamorphic rocks, shaped by glaciers
spit
long narrow mound of sediment, attached to land at one end
star dune
central peak with radiating ridges, many slip faces
striations
scratches in bedrock and in rocks carried by ice
Superfund
federal program to clean up major abandoned toxic waste sites
swash, backwash

swash : incoming wave carries sediment onshore at an angle

backwash: outgoing wave carries sediment offshore perpendicularly 

tarn
high small round lake in a cirque
terminal moraine
end moraine that marks farthest extent of ice
terminus

leading edge of glacier

downslope end of alpine glacier, outer margin of continental glacier 

thermohaline circulation
water circulates vertically, driven by density contrasts differences in salinity and temperature
transverse dune
long, narrow and straight
trellis  
tributaries flow through parallel valleys
tributary
feeder stream, empties into trunk stream
trunk stream
major river
turbidity currents
rapidly moving sediment-laden water, highly erosive, triggered by EQ or landslide
types of continental margins

passive margin: not plate boundary, no tectonic activity

active margin: usually convergent boundary, trench b/t continental slope and abyssal plain 

ventifacts
rocks shaped, polished, faceted by wind-blown sand
water table
boundary between saturated and unsaturated/aerated zone
wave-cut platform
flat surface eroded by waves at sea level
Ways to undo desertification
plant trees, fix dunes, drip irrigation (more efficient use of water)
working group 1
scientific aspects of climate and its changes
working group 2
effects of warming and options for adapting
working group iii
options for mitigating climate change
yardang
sharp ridge between rounded troughs
zone of ablation
area of glacier that loses mass over time

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