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neuro

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ipsilateral vibration/proprioception loss w/ contralateral pain/temp loss

brown-sequard

cord hemisection 

meningoencephalitis from swimming in fresh water lakes
naegri fowleri
horner's is from lesions above?

T1

pacoast's, brown-sequard, syringomyelia

2nd order neuron starts at T1 spine, 3rd order starts in sup cervical ganglion at C2 

Nervous system phagocytes 

microglia

Only nervous system cells that derive from mesoderm (like macrophages). all others from ectoderm 

marker for astrocytes

GFAP

glial fibrillary acid protein 

extrafusal fibers
alpha innvervation, force of contraction
wernicke's aphasia

wordy but makes not sense

(think of the speech and confabulations of wernicke's encephalitis)

post/sensory area-->poor comprehension 

NTS

Sensory from 7, 9, 10

taste, barareceptors, gut distension 

Nucleus ambiguus

motor of 9, 10, 11

swallowing and palate elevation 

CNS myelin producers
oligodendroglia
broca's aphasia

broken speech

ant/motor area-->can't talk but can understand well 

dorsal column/medial lemniscus
cross over 2 levels than ascend in ipsilateral fasculus cuneatus/gracilis. 1st synapse in nucleus cuneatus/gracilus in medulla. decusate and ascend in medial lemniscus. 2nd synapse in VPL
intrafusal fibers

bundled in sheath to form muscle spindle that is innervated by gamma and senses length of muscle

allow to pick up heavy suitcase w/out knowing weight ahead of time 

limbic system
feeding, fighting, feeling, fucking
spinothalamic tract

paint/temp

cross right away. 1st synapse in spine on contralateral side. 2nd synapse in VPL 

which part of hypothalmus controls cooling

anterior

A/c 

PNS myelin producers
schwann
schwann vs oligodenroglia

oligodenroglia--CNS, each myelinates 30 axons, bad in MS

schwann--PNS, each myelinates 1 axon, acoustic neuroma is a neoplasm of 

Meisner's

Pacinian

Merkel's 

light discriminatory touch in skin

Pressure, course touch, tension.looks like onion

tactile disk in fingertips, hair, hard palate. light, crude touch. cup shaped 

utricle/sacule

semicircular canal 

linear acceleration

angular acceleration 

effects of direct basal ganglia pathway

from SNc, act on D1 receptors to activate putamen to activate GPi to inhibit thalmus that inhibits motor cortex

-->pro-kinetic and is decreased in parkinsons.

direct does direct (wanted) actions, indirect does indirect  (unwanted) a

frontal lobe controls?
executive function
level of illiac crests

L4/L5

site of LP

spinal cord ends at L1/L2 

corticospinal tract
descending motor info
golgi tendon
senses force of contraction and sends inhibition back to alpha neurons to decrease the contraction.

dermatomes of:

back of skull 

nipples

umbilicus

inguinal ligament

kneecaps 

 

C2 

T4 (teat pore)

T10 (belly butTEN)

L1 (L1 is IL)

L4 (down on L4s) 

pudendal nerve block
ischial spine
McBurney's point
2/3 from umbilicus to ASIS
dorsal motor nucleus

parasymph fibers to heart, lungs, upper GI

(vagus) 

function of lateral pterygoid
lower jaw
palatoglossus is inervated by?

vagus

all other "glossus" are  by cn12 

tensor veli palatini is innervated by?

V3

all other "palats" are by vagus

(tensor veli palatini was too tense for the vagus!)

other "tensor" by V3 too 

arcuate fasiculus

connects broca's and wernickes

conduction aphasia: fluent aphasia w/ poor repetition, but good comprehension 

Damage to amygdyla
kluver bucy: oral, sexual, disinhibited
damage to reticular activating system
LOC
Bilat damage to mamilary bodies
wernicke-korsakoff
damage to STN
controlateral hemibalismus

cerebellar damage:

hemisphere

vermis 

limb ataxia, intention tremor

truncal ataxia, dysarthria 

right parietal lobe lesion
left hemi-neglect
structures in cavernous sinus

CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI (everything through sup orbital fissure, plus V2)

carotid a. 

senile plaques
extracellular, beta-amyloid
neurofibrillary tangles
intracellular, silver stain/congo red, look like arrowheads
Genetic defect in alzheimer's

APOE4 on chrom 1, 14, 19

p-App on chrom 21 

diseases w/ tau protein

alzheimer's and Pick disease

Pick=frontotemporal dementia sim to zlazheimer. younger age of onset 

inheritance of huntington's disease

autosomal dominant

atrophy of caudate

CAG repeat on chrom 4 

masked facies and cogwheel rigidity
parkinson's
friedrich's ataxia is what type of degenerative diease?
spinocerebellar
werding-hoffmann disease

floppy baby, tongue fasiculations, dies at 7mo

degeneration of ant horns 

progressive mulitfocal leukoencephalopathy
JC virus, AIDS, a demyelinating disease
elevated CSF protein w/ normal cell count
Guillian Barre, MS
simple partial seizure
no LOC, one part of brain
epidural hematoma
lens shape, middle meningeal artery rupture, temporal bone fracture, lucid interval
subdural hematoma
crescent shape, rupture of bridging veins, blunt trauma, elderly, shaken baby
subarachnoid
anneurysm rupture, worst HA of life, blood in CSF

Reflexes of:

biceps

triceps

knee

ankle 

 

C5, C6

C7, C8

L4, L5

S1, S2 

hemorrhage of mamillary bodies
wernicke korsakoff
argyll robertson pupil
respond to accomodation but not light
Bilat loss of pain and temp in upper extremities w/ preservation of touch

Syringomyelia

in pt's w/ arnold-chiari, most common C8-T1 

Drug mechanism:

Benzodiazapine

Barbituate 

 

Increase frequency of GABA-ergic Cl- channel opening

Increase duration of GABA-ergic Cl- channel opening

loss of tibial n.

can't stand on tip toes

the nerve plantar flexes and inverts

Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes = TIP 

loss of peroneal n.
foot drop (foot is inverted and plantar flexed)
pure motor stroke

post limb internal capsule

(lacunar) 

pure sensory stroke

thalamus

(lacunar) 

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

rubeola (measles)

intranuclear inclusion in neurons/oligodendrocytes 

cutaneous sensation of:

axillary

radial

musculocutaneous

median

ulnar 

 

prox lat humerous 

less prox lat humerous and dorsum of thumb

lat forearm

Index and middle fingers

ring and pinky fingers 

cutaneous sensation of:

lat fem cutaneous of thigh

femoral

common peraneal

common peroneal w/ tibial

Tibial 

 

lat thigh

ant thigh and ant leg

lat dorsum of foot

post leg

dorsum of foot 

pronator teres syndrome
compression of median nerve passing through the muscle
Causes of Bell's palsy

AIDS, Lyme disease, Sarcoid, Tumors, Diabetes

ALexander BELL w/ an STD 

MLF connects?
nuc of CN3 wih nuc of CN6

neurotransmitter changes in:

alzheimers

Schizophrenia

Huntington's

Anxiety 

 

decreased ACh

increased DA

decreased ACh, decreased GABA 

increased NE, decreased GABA, decreased serotonin 

pramipexole, ropinirole

DA agonists

Bromocriptine too 

entacapone, tolcapone

prevent DA breakdown (COMT inhibitors)

Selegiline (MAO-B inhibitor) 

Benzotriptine
Antimuscarinic used in Parkinson to improve tremor and rigidity
parkinson's tx

BALSA

Bromocriptine, Amantadine, Levo/carbidopa, Selegiline, Antimuscarinic (Benzotriptine) 

flumazenil
GABA competetive inhibitor

toxicity of:

Halothane

Methoxyflurane

Enflurane 

 

Hepatotoxic

nephrotoxic

proconvulsant 

thiopental vs propofol

both IV induction agents

propofol w/ less post-anesthesia nausea 

Ketamine SE
CV stimulant, bad dreams, increased cerebral blood flow.
most common drug used for endoscopy

IV midazolam

post-op respiratory depression, drop in BP, amnesia 

endrophonium is?
a cholinesterase inhibitor

tx for malignant hyperthermia

(caused by used of succinylcholine and inhaled anesthetic together) 

Dantrolene

prevents release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum 

first line for:

tonic-clonic

Absence

status

pregnancy 

 

phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid

ethosuximide

Lorazepam

phenobarbital 

when do DT's kick in after stopping EtOH 

2-5 days after last drink

tx w/ benzos 

Deck Info

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jerusso

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