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History 101 Test 1

Terms

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Agora
The central market square of a Greek city-state.  Popular place to gather for conversation
Apocalypticsim
A religious belief about the end of the world; literally, "uncovering the future."
Arete
Greek for "excellence."  a competitive value that defined the Greek social elite
City State
A state consisting of an urban center exercising political economic control over the countryside around it.
Civilization
W ay of life that includes political states based on cities with dense populations, large buildings constructed for communal activities,diverse economies, a sense of a local identity, and some knowledge of writing.
Cuneiform
The earliest form of writing invented in Mesopotamia and done with wedge shaped characters
Dark Age
An extended period of economic depression and depopulation.
Delian League
The naval alliance headed by Athens after the Persian Wars and the basis of Athenian Empire.
Diaspora
The dispersion of the Jewish population outside of ancient Israel
Dualism
The concept that spiritual being and physical being are separate.
Empire 
A political unit in which one or more formerly independent territories or people are ruled by  single sovereign power.
Epicureanism
The philosophy initiated by Epicurus of Athens to help people achieve pleasure in their lives.
Epigrams
Short poems covering a variety of themes, especially love, and a favorite genre of Hellenistic women poets.
Equites
Literally, "equestrians" or "knights" wealthy Roman businessmen who chose not to pursue a government career.
First Triumvirate
The coalitions formed in 60 BCE by Gnaeus Pompey, Lucinius Crossus, and Julius Caesar
Frieze
Continuous band of figures sculpted in relief, as on an ancient Greek temple.
Hellenistic
An adjective meaning "Greek-like" that is today used as a chronological term for the period 323-330 BCE.
Hetaria
A witty and attractive woman who charged fees to entertain at the symposium.
Hierglyphs
The Egyptian form of writing using pictures as its characters.
Hoplite
A heavily armed Greek infantryman.  Hoplites constituted the main strike force of a city-state's militia
Hubris
The Greek term for excessive arrogance, especially when an overconfident human being went against the will of the gods.
Humanitas
Cicer's ideal of "humanness," meaning generous and honest treatment of other's based on natural law.
Koine
The "common" or "shared" form of the Greek language that became the international language in the Hellenistic period.
Ladder of Offices
The series of Roman elective government offices from quaestor to consul.
Latifundia
Rich landowners' huge farms worked by gangs of slaves.
Linear B
The Mycenaea's pictographic script for writing Greek.
Lyric Poetry
Greek poetry sung with the accompaniment of the lyre and stressing the expression of emotion
Maat 
The Egyptian goddess embodying truth, justice, and cosmic order.
Materialism
The philosophical doctrine that only things made of matter truly exist.
Mean
Aristotle's term for the balance in desires that people needed to achieve to live just and worthwhile lives.
Mediterranean Polyculture
The cultivation of olives, grapes, and grains in a single interrelated agricultural system.
Metic
A foreigner granted permanent residency permit in a Greek state in return for obligations to pay taxes and do military service.
Monotheism
The belief that in only one god, as in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Moral Dualism
The concept that the world is the arena of an ongoing battle between the opposing divine forces of good and evil.
Mos maiorum
Literally, the way of the elders.  The set of Roman traditional values.
Mystery Cult
A set of prayers, hymns, ritual purification, sacrifices, and other forms of worship undertaken to gain divine protection; each cult has connected to a particular divinity and centered on initiation into secret knowledge about the divine and human worlds.
Mysticism
A belief that the emotional and individual experience with God is more important than external religious behavior.  The Free Scripts of the late Middle Ages practiced an extreme form of mysticism.
Optimates
The Roman political faction supporting the "best," or highest, social class, established during the late republic.
Orders
The two groups of people in the Roman republics - the patricians and the plebians
Ostracism
Athenian democracy's annual procedure to block tyranny by sending a citizen into exile for ten years by a vote of six thousand citizens in the assembly.
Palace Society
The political and social organization of Minoan and Myceaean civilization, with palace complexes as their administrative centers.
Patria Potestas
Literally, "father's power;" the legal right of a father in ancient Rome to own the property of his children and slaves and to control their lives.
Patron-Client System
The interlocking network of mutual obligations between Roman and patrons and clients.
Plebiscites
Laws passed by the Plebeian Assembly in the Roman Republic.
Polis
The Greek term for an independent city-state based on citizenship.
Polytheism
The worship of multiple gods.
Populares
The Roman political faction supporting the common people established during the late republic.
Proletarians
In the Roman republic, the mass of the people so poor they owned no property.
Proscription
The procedure devised under Roman General Lucius Cornelius Sulla of posting a list of those supposedly guilty of treasonable crimes so that they could be executed and their property confiscated.
Radical Democracy
The ancient Athenian system of democracy, established in the 460's and 450's BCE, that extended the direct political power and participation in the court system to the mass of adult male citizens.
Rationalism
The philosophic idea that people must justify their claims by logic and reason
Redistributive Economy
A system in which state officials control the production and distribution of goods.
Res publica
Literall, "the people's matter" or the "public business": the Roman's name for their republic.
Ruler Cults
Cults that involved worship of a Hellenistic ruler as a savior god.
Satrap
A regional governor in the Persian Empire
Sea Peoples
The diverse groups of raiders who devastated the eastern Mediterranean in the period of calamitiesaround 12,00 BCE- 100 BCE
Sophists
Competitive intellectuals and teachers who offered a new form of education and new philosophical religious ideas beginning about 450BCE.
Stoicism
The most influential Hellenistic philosophy, which taught the goal of living a virtuous life in harmony with nature.
Subjectivism
The belief, especially associated with the Sophist Protagoras, that there is no absolute reality behind and independent of appearances.
Successor Kings
Alexander's commanders who took over portions of his empire to create personal monarchies after his death.
Symposium
A drinking party for Greek men with entertainment ranging from philosophical conversation to hired female companions.
Torah
The first five books of the Hebrew bible also referred to as the Pentateuch.  It contains early Jewish law.
Trireme
An ancient Greek warship rowed by 170 oarsmen sitting on three levels and equipped with a ram.
Twelve Table
The first written Roman law code, enacted between 451 and 449 BCE
Wisdom Literature
Fables, proverbs, essays and prophecies teachig morality and beahvior
Ziggurat
A large Mesopotamian temple with a stair-step - design

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