bio final (cont.)
Terms
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- Ideal Leaf Area
- The ideal area of a leaf occurs where there is the biggest difference in the photosynthetic gains and transpiration loss. The lower the plant fitness, the smaller the leaves.
- Wide leaves
- When leaves are wide, the center heats up really quickly and will not fall off sides as quickly. Smaller leaves give off heat more quickly
- High Light Intensity
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-absorption is easy
-water loss is high
-temp high
--> no leaves - Low Light Intensity
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-absorption is a problem
-water loss low
-variable temp
--> leaves generally large - How to sustain multiple levels..
- vegetation grows in 'multi-layers' and the plants on the bottom layer grow first. how to solve the problem of limited sunlight by overstory
- Succession
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Directional change in community composition over time. Two theories: succession is sequential OR succession is random
--> often succession occurs in the gaps. sometimes it occurs when entire communities are destroyed. - Disturbances
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agricultural
fire (some are fire dependent/sensitive/pyrogenic ex. pine trees rely on fire.)
wind
flooding
animals - animals keep things in early stages of succession
disease/insects - cut vegetation back after succession - Colonization and Establishment
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-Areas are colonized when seeds are brought in by wind or animals
-Establishment: facilitation (modify the environment so other things can come in), inhibition (early stages can inhibit succession), and tolerance - Human Evolution
- bipedalism and big brain
- BMR
- Smaller animals have a higher BMR than larger animals. Diet and body size are correlated. humans and sheep have same BMR but human brain much larger .. but humans have much smaller gut
- Shannon-Wiener Index
- measures species diversity
- Species Diversity
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-TIME -Regional Maturity - those species that have remained the same over time will have more species
-PRODUCTIVITY - how energy is subdivided
-SPATIAL HETEROGENITY - diversity of spatial areas
-SPECIES INTERACTION - diff #'s depending on niche breath and overlap (tropics have smaller breadths and more overlap)
- PREDATION - keep population reduced so that pop doesn't have to interact among itself - Species Number
- have to look at immigration, extinction rate, speciation, turnover, and habitat