Chapter 14 Development over the Life Span
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- preoperational stage (2-7)
- use of symbols and language acceserlates
- operations
- In piaget's theory, mental actions that are cognitely reversible
- egocentric thinking
- seeing the world from only your point of view;the inability to take another's perspective
- conservation
- understanding that the physical properties of objects-such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass=can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes
- concrete operations stage (7 to 12)
- children's thinking is grounded in concrete experiences and concepts, rather than abstractions or logical deductions, they learn identity
- formal operations stage (age 12 through adulthood)
- teenagers become capable of abstract reasoning
- Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural influences
- children use private speech--> this is why adult language and guidance is very important
- Cognitive abilities develop in steps or in overlapping waves
- overlapping waves
- Children understand (more/less) than Piaget said
- more
- Preschoolers are or aren't egocentric
- aren't.. i.e. they modify their speech so younger pre-schoolers will underwstand
- theory of mind
- system of beliefs that the way the mind works and how cognitions and feelings affect behavior
- cogitive development depends upon ____ & _____.
- education and culture
- piaget (underestimated/overestimated)children's ablitiy
- underestimated.. yet he overestimated adults abilities to always be able to reason
- Kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development
- preconventional, conventional, postconvetional
- preconventional morality
- what is right is what feels good, they fear being punished
- conventional morality
- 10 or 11 based on conformity and loyalty to others.. based on understanding law and justice
- postconventional morality
- realizes immoral laws, popel find values and standards
- moral reason is influenced by
- education
- moral reasoning is profoudnly affected by cultural _____ and ____
- experiences and values
- Moral reasoning is inconsistent across
- situations
- moral reasoning is unrelated to moral ____
- behavior
- STDs can do what to a baby
- retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders
- cigarette smoking can do what to a baby?
- miscarriage, premature birth, abnormal heartbeat, underweight baby
- Having more than two alcoholic drinks can lead to
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- drugs can
- morphine, cocaine, and heroin think crack baby
- physical abilities of a newborn
- motor reflexes, can see 8 inches in focus range, can see contrasts, shadows, edges, can distinguish their mother
- social skills of babies
- babies can smile at people
- rooting
- an infant touched on the cheek or mouth will turn towards something to suck on
- sucking
- will suck on anything such as a nipple or finger
- swallowing
- infant can swallow though the reflex is not yet well coordinated with breathing
- moro or "startle"
- in response to a loud noise or physical shock, an infant will throw its arms outward and arch back
- babinski
- in response to touch on the bottom of the foot.. infants toes will go outward then curl in
- grasp
- in response to touch on hand, infant will grasp
- stepping
- walking, can show ability to walk in steps
- syncrony
- the adjustment of one person's nonverbal behavior to coordinate with another's
- attachment
- universal capacity of all primates and is crucial for health and survival all through life
- contact comfort
- in promates, the innate pleasure derived from physical contact; it is the basis of the infant's first attachment
- separation anxiety
- the distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangrs
- Mary Ainsworths' Strange Situation
- leavin the child alone with stranger, stranger and mother, and alone, and mother
- securely attached
- crying babies if the parent leaves and welcomes parent back
- insecurely attached
- little reaction to mother leaving the room, avoidant
- anxious ambivalent
- want to be put down, can be angry w/ mother
- parentese
- "baby talk" parents help babies find the "melody"
- 4-6 months of age babies can (speech)
- recognize their own names and other familiars
- 6-mos to 1 yr can do this with language
- sound structure of their own language
- 11 months babies learn this ___
- gesturing
- 18 mos to 2 years babies can
- develop word combos
- telegraphic
- the way babies talk
- Jean Piaget
- pioneer of cognitive development in children how thinking develops (theory of cognitive stages)
- adaptation includes
- assimilation and accomodation
- assimilation
- the process of absorbing new info into existing cognitive structures (already exisiting beliefs)
- accomodation
- the process of modifying existing cognitive structure in response to experience and new info
- the four stages of Piaget
- sensorimotor, preoperational stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations stage
- sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
- learning through concrete actions, movemnts become more purposeful, and they learn object permanence
- object permanence
- understanding which develops through 1st year that an object continues to exist even when u cannot see or touch it
- developmental psychologists
- study physiological and cognitive changes across the life span
- socialization
- children learning the rules and behavior expected of them by society
- Prenatal development stages
- germinal, embryonic, fetal
- germinal stage
- uniting of sperm and egg
- zygote
- cluster of cells that in 10-14 days attaches itself to the wall of uterus
- embryonic stage
- 2 weeks after conception lasting until the 8th week
- fetal stage
- 8 weeks
- rubella
- can hurt the baby's eyes ears, and heart.. common consequence is deafness
- x-rays or toxic chemicals can do what to a baby?
- fetal abnormalities and deformities, attention problems and lower IQ