Earth Science FINAL
Terms
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- How was water dissolve things?
- it's polar and it takes apart ionic solids one atom at a time.
- How do you test acids and bases?
-
Pheno-turns pink in base
Red Litmus-blue in base
Blue Litmus-red in acid - What causes acid rain?
- Sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the air
- What causes natural acid rain?
- Carbon dioxide
- Amount of water on Earth
-
70%
-97% is salt
-3% is fresh
--2% is frozen - Has the amount of salt in the ocean changed?
- No, it's been the same for millions of years
- Drinking Water Treatment
-
Coagulation-settling
Filtration
Chlorine to kill bacteria
Aeration
Fluoride - Waste Water Filtration
-
Bacteria added
Settling
Add nitrogen and chlorine - What is the largest usable reservior of fresh water?
- Ground water
- Porosity
-
Percentage of pores
Amount of space for ground water - Permeability
- Ability to move through something
- Salinity of Ocean Water
- 3.5%
- Where does the salt in the oceans come from?
- Weathering rocks and outgassing from volcanic eruptions
- How does salinity vary?
-
High evapoation=high salinity
High surface run-off=low salinity - thermocline
- Decreases as you get deeper into the ocean
- Pycnocline
- increases as you get deeper into the ocean
- Waves
-
energy from wind
transverse
circular motion
breakers-not circular - Currents
-
masses of ocean water
coriolis effect
brings warm water to the cold coast via the gulf stream - Oceans have how much more water in the south?
- 20%
- How many ocean basins are there? are they shallow?
- 4, they are deep
- Continental Margins
- gentle shelf meets steep slope
- Ocean Basin Floor
- abyssal plain with seamounts and deep ocean trenches
- Oceanic Ridges
-
Mid-ocean ridge
center basin, faulting and volcanoes - Ocean is layered according to density
-
Surface zone
Transition (thermo and pycnocline)
Deep zone (80% of all life)
*Does not layer in higher altitudes - Marine Life Zones
-
Intertidal
Neritic (from cont. shelf-shelf break)
Oceanic - Tides
-
Caused by the moons gravity
2 low and 2 high tides per day
Spring and neap tides - Spring tide
- higher high tides and lower low tides during the new and full moons
- Neap Tide
- Lower high tides and lower low tides during the first and third quarter moons
- Composition of Air
-
78% nitrogen
21% Oxygen
4% water - Layers of the atmosphere
-
Thermosphere-ionosphere
Mesosphere-temp increase w/height
Stratosphere-ozone
Troposphere-where weather occurs - Does density increase or decrease with increasing altitude?
- decreases
- What is the degree of tilt of the Earth?
- 23.5
- A steeper angle means...?
- more intense direct rays
- Solstice
-
vertical rays at tropic of cancer=summer
capricorn=winter - Equinox
- equal day because vertical rays are at the equator
- Ways heat transfers
-
Conduction-heat moves through matter
Convection-circles in a substance
Radiation-moves in all directions from it's source - Greenhouse effect
- heat gets trapped in the atmosphere and is absorbed by carbon dioxide and water
- Humidity
- the amount of water in the air
- Relative humidity
- ratio of the amount of water in the air over the total amount of water it could hold at that given temperature
- What measures relative humidity?
- Psychrometer
- Dew Point
- the temperature at which water condenses
- How do clouds form?
- Condense at the dew point around dust particles
- Types of clouds
-
Cirrus-curls of hair
Stratum-layer
Cumulus-pile
Nimbus-rain
Alto-middle - Precipitation
-
There are many forms
Hail forms in cumulonimbus clouds - Density increases/decreases with pressure increase?
- increases
- What measures air pressure?
- Barometer
-
High pressure indicates?
Low pressure? - clear weather, cloudy weather
- Wind is caused by what?
- inequal heating from high pressure to low pressure
- In the northern hemisphere, wind moves to the _____ due to what?
- Right, Coriolis effect
- Sea and Land Breeze
- cooler, dense ocean air travels onshore causing the warm beach air to rise. vice versa at night
- Air masses
- large bodies of air with the same temperature and moisture
- Types of air masses
-
Continental
Polar
Maritime
Tropical - Fronts
- separate different air masses
- Types of fronts
-
Cold-warm air rises fast
Warm-cirrus clouds
Stationary-grey weather
Occluded-squeezes warm air - draw the hydrological cycle using windward and leeward
-
check drawing for:
Evap.
Condens.
Precip.
absorb.
infiltration
ground water
surface runoff
transpiration
windward
leeward