Science Ch. 5 2
Terms
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- What is the shaking or trembling of the crust of the earth?
- earthquake
- What is the scientific study of earthquakes?
- seismology
- What is changing the shape of rock due to stress put on it?
- deformation
- What is changing shape, sort of like clay, bends but does not break?
- plastic deformation
- What is rock stretched until it breaks, then pieces return to unstretched shape?
- elastic deformation
- What is sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape?
- elastic rebound
- What is the wave of energy that travels through Earth?
- siesmic wave
-
What is:
-pressure waves
-travels through solids, liquids, and gases
-also called primary waves
-always fastest and 1st to be detected - P wave
-
What is:
-shearwave
-2nd fastest seismic wave
-stretch rock sideways
-cannot travel through total liquids
-also known as secondary waves - S wave
- don't use
- don't use
- What are the 3 major types of faults, and the earth motion associated with each?
-
1.normal fault-plates are pulled apart
2.reverse fault-occur cuz of compression
3.strike slip fault- forces break rock and move horizontally - What is a place where a large # of faults are located, can be anywhere?
- earthquake zone
- What is a wave that travels through Earth's interior?
- body wave
- What is a wave that travels along the surface and produce motion in upper kilometer of crust?
- surface wave
- What is an instrument that records seismic waves?
- seismograph
- What is the tracing of earthquake motion that is created by seismographs?
- seismogram
- What is the point on earth's surface directly above an earthquake's starting point?
- epicenter
- How do seismologists find the epicenter of an earthquake?
- use seismograph and measure difference in arrival times at P and S waves
- What do scientist use to measure the strength of an earthquake?
- Richter Scale
- What is the point inside earth where earthquakes begin; where rock is shifted?
- focus
- What is the measure of an earthquake's strength?
- magnitude
- What is the degree to which an earthquake is felt by people and the damage it causes?
- intensity
- Could an earthquake have more than one intensity value? Explain.
- Yes, it depends on how far away it is from the epicenter, the type of soil, and population of area.
- Why is a 6.0 magnitude earthquake much more destructive than a 5.0 magnitue earthquake?
- It's 10x stronger
- What is the hypothesis that predists that a major quake is more likely to occur along a fault where there has not been activity for a time?
- gap hypothesis
- What is an area along a fault where strong quakes have occured in the past but few recently?
- seismic gap
- What is the strength frequency method for predicting earthquakes?
- with a decrease in average magnitued the # of quakes in an area appears to increase
- What is a measurement of how likely an area is to have damaging quakes in the future?
- earthquake hazard
- How is an area's earthquake hazard level determined?
- by past and present seismic activity
- What is a common way of making homes more earthquake resistant?
- by securely fastening it to its foundation
- Name some items you should store in case of an earthquake? (7)
-
-water
-nonparishable food
-flashlights with batteries
-medicines
-1st aid kit
-fire extinguisher
-portable radio - Why is a large earthquake often followed by numerous aftershocks?
- deformed rock my cause other rock to move as it returns into position
- What is a very large ocean wave caused by earthquakes or volcanoes?
- Tsunami
- Where do most earthquakes take place?
- near edges of tectonic plates
- What is a break in Earth's crust where rocks can move?
- fault
- What fault and boundary seperates?
-
-normal fault
-divergent boundary - What fault and boundary cause compression (collide)?
-
-reverse fault
-convergent boundary - What fault and boudary slip past eachother?
-
-strike slip fault
-transform boudary - What is the weight in the roof, has motion sensors attached to a computer, react to movement?
- mass damper
- What has sensors that detect building motion, shift weight to counteract movement; in base of house?
- active tendon system
- What is between floors, counteract push and pull on building?
- cross braces
- What helps prevent water and gas lines from breaking, cuz they can twist and bend?
- flexible pipes
- What is a shock absorber that prevents seismic waves from traveling through a building?
- base isolator